关于日本神社原初功能的考察

神社是日本神道的重要组成部分,在神道信仰中扮演着重要角色。本文通过与同样是祭祖场地的中国"社"的对比和对日本早期神社地面结构物和活动状况、神社附加功能的发展、神社的蛇信仰等方面入手,推测神社最初的部分功能可能和中国的"社"等一样,做祈祷生殖繁盛的道场之用。换言之,神社的原初功能有不少,但其中之一可能与生殖崇拜有关。     

日本侵华战争中的国家神道

日本侵华战争期间,日本近代天皇制的精神支柱国家神道与军事侵略相呼应.在中国的广泛地区,尤其是军事、经济要地建立神社.在华神社作为日本本土神社的延伸,所祭之神是以天照大神、明治天皇为首的日本神灵皇祖,建筑式样也是日本式样,被视为"八紘一宇"、"肇国大精神"的象征性建筑物.日本政府、军部及神道界所设立的在华神社不仅扮演着辅助军事侵略、实施文化侵略的角色,是妄图使中国人丧失民族性的"皇民化"政策中的一环,而且也是统制在华日本人思想意识的工具.     

关东州时期的日本神社

日本在对华侵略期间,于中国的军事、经济要地陆续建立了许多日本神社.在华神社作为日本本土神社的延伸以及国家神道的形象代言人,与军事侵略和经济侵略相呼应,成为日本文化侵略的武器之一.本文以日俄战争至“九一八”事变前日本在关东州修建的神社为主线,分析这些神社的整体特点,进而说明神社在日本侵华战争中所扮演的角色和发挥的主要作用.     

日本靖国神社问题的历史考察

内容提要靖国神社是日本明治维新后为宣扬为天皇献身的精神而建立的,它利用了日本神道教的国教的地位,把供奉在靖国神社中的阵亡的日本军人作为国家的“英灵”,使靖国神社成为战前日本的“国家宗祠”。在日本发动侵略战争的过程中。靖国神社更成为鼓吹军国主义精神的重要工具。战后,靖国神社在形式上失去了国家神社的地位,但仍是日本右翼势力和保守政治家的重要政治阵地。他们竭力争取恢复靖国神社在战前的显赫地位以及鼓动“正式参拜”靖国神社,实际是为了否认侵略战争的责任和罪行,否定战后对日本发动侵略战争历史的正义审判,同时也是要用靖国神社这一精神枷锁使日本人民持久地受到桎梏。我们应当从历史与现实的关系的角度,从思想与战争认识的深度思考靖国神社问题。     

2009年中日关系史研究述评

关于日本侵华,有两个方面的研究引人注意：一是宗教与日本侵华政策关系的研究;二是财阀与日本侵华政策关系的研究。先说第一个研究。王海燕的《日本侵华战争中的国家神道》（载《抗日战争研究》第1期）,全面和深入地阐释了日本国家神道在日本侵华战争中产生的作用。     

浅析日本宗教中的神皇思想

神道是日本宗教文化的重要组成部分,而“神皇思想”是其核心内容,也是日本民族赖以生存的精神源泉。在近现代化进程中,“神皇思想”是日本民族国家形成、经济增长的精神动力,但同时又成为其走向畸形发展道路的思想根源,发挥着双刃剑作用。     

航空神社小史

九一八事变之后，为了在日本国内推行“爱国心”与“敬神崇祖”教育政策，在高层的授意下，日军在国内军事管理区内兴建了各类神社设施。本文重点研究了1937年日本陆军航空士官学校内创建的“航空神社”，并对这一神社的创建及兴衰的历史进行梳理，从中挖掘出此类日本神社不为人知的历史冰山中的一角。     

论日本传统的神道思想

日本神道思想的由来和基本内容日本的神道思想是由日本古代天皇部族的神话传说转化而来的。它的主要经典根据是日本的《古事记》和《日本书纪》。这两本书虽成书较晚(前者为公元712年用汉字的音和义写成的,后者为720年,用正规汉文写成的)但它们的神代卷却都记载了日本古代天皇部族的神话传说。其主要内容有:     

神道神馔——日本食文化的原型

神道是在日本固有的民族信仰基础上发展起来的精神传承。神馔(しんせん)是神道祭祀时供奉给神的食品。如果说,神道是日本民族传统文化的基础和核心的     

日本神道的发展及形成

正中国和日本传统文化均有三根支柱:儒佛道。不同的是,中国的道是道教,日本的道是神道。神道也称神道教,是日本的本土宗教,对日本文化有深刻影响。被称为"中国知日第一人"的戴季陶,在《日本论》一书中写道:"表面上,日本最盛的宗教是佛教,而骨子里日本人普遍信仰的是神道。"但是,神道也是在与外来思想文化和宗教的影响下形成和发展的。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

Hospital Drama: Visual Theatres of the Medical Rendezvous from Asylum to Hospital with Reference to Specific Works by Anna Furse

Abstract

This paper is informed by Furse’s practice as a theatre maker in two fields of output that are connected by two factors: first, the presence of the woman patient — hysteric/subfertile respectively — within the clinical gaze; second, the significance of the womb to each pathology. In the treatment of each (explored in Furse’s theatre), lens based technologies play their part, whilst the cultural and medical can be seen to have overlapped to produce specific meaning with regard to Her body and its spectacularity. The article presents an overview of some of the key issues in precisely how the woman’s body becomes spectacular within this prosthetic medical gaze and how the medical — and theatrically designed spaces to represent these — become meaningful and potent proxemics that in turn inform medical/ theatrical spectatorship. Overarching nineteenth-century protocols at the Salpêtrière Hospital in Paris (where Furse’s Augustine (Big Hysteria) is set) to contemporary imaging technologies used in the treatment of subfertility with Assisted Reproduction Technologies (the topic of her Art of A.R.T. projects), it examines the way in which photography develops through cinema to X-Ray, ultrasound and then 3D/4D ultrasound to ‘capture’ the woman’s body in ways by which she becomes muted and exposed. These occular technologies that extend the gaze, first to an exterior subject and then, eventually, traversing the flesh without knife, lend specific performativity to the ‘patient’ women, within the context of hysterias and reproductive impairments respectively. Finally, issues of suspension of disbelief are addressed. The spectator’s faith in the screen-based image of Her spectacular body is interrupted in Furse’s work, which is also keenly interested in the effect of such imagery on the woman’s sense of Self. The historical and cultural leaps in this article argue that there is indeed a trajectory through the history of medical imaging since the first application of photography to anatomy to the more advanced scoping technologies of medical imaging today, and that in each era, the production of these images remain fraught with cultural implications.     

The Death of Alexander the Great – A Spinal Twist of Fate

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. Physical depictions of this historical figure reveal the likelihood of a cervical scoliotic deformity. This is substantiated with the medical history and is correlated with his untimely death. For the first time, it is concluded that Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome.