财政部拟定之《战后贸易实施方案》

抗战胜利不久,国民政府财政部即奉蒋介石手令拟定《战后贸易实施方案》,本着“有计划的自由主义”之原则,提出促进战后贸易发展的具体实施方法。该方案特别强调政府应通过修正或订立相关条例,加强其在发展国内外贸易中的指导作用。     

试析战时贸易统制实施的阶段及其特点

抗日战争爆发后不久,国民政府即转入战时体制,并对战前所执行的种种措施加以变革,以适应战时局势的变化。在这些重大变革中,对外贸易政策上的演变极为显著,而且这些政策还随着战局的变化不断加以修正与变更。本文即主要依据原始档案资料,以财政部贸易委员会及其属下国营公司作为研究对象（有关资源委员会及特矿产品出口统制不在讨论范围之内）,深入分析战时国民政府各个阶段对外贸易政策的演变、内容及其特点,并在此基础上对于战时统制贸易政策的作用予以客观的评价。     

全面抗战初期国民政府出口贸易统制的建立

全面抗战爆发前,国民政府已开始逐步对出口大宗商品实施统制,但面对重重阻力,政策执行成效并不理想。淞沪抗战爆发后,长江下游航运阻滞丛生,商人不得不在诸多方面主动向国民政府寻求援助。国民政府适时通过中央信托局推出兵险,为商品运输提供保障,使商人对之产生依赖,并成立贸易调整委员会等机构,在"调整"贸易的同时进行权力渗透。江阴、南京沦陷后,积压在汉口的出口商品只得通过政府控制的粤汉铁路运出,国民政府在初步完成权力渗透后整合中央与地方贸易机构,撕掉"调整"的面纱,将贸易调整委员会更名为贸易委员会,正式建立起对出口贸易的统制。     

中苏复交后关于订定中苏商约的史料一组

1932年12月12日中苏复交后,中苏贸易关系亟待确定政策,中苏双方随即展开关于缔结商约的新一轮谈判。其间,国民党中政会、国民政府实业部、外交部暨驻苏大使馆等组织机构及相关人士分别就对苏贸易原则与办法、商约草案的审查、侨民汇款之条款等一系列问题提出意见,进行讨论或接洽。     

贸易委员会函送驻英使馆之《缅甸运输路线亟应开禁理由节略》

抗战期间为重开缅甸运输路线,重庆国民政府不断向英国政府交涉,财政部贸易委员会并拟就缅甸运输路线亟应开禁理由节略,为重开缅甸路进行宣传。     

统制经济与国营贸易——太平洋战争爆发后复兴商业公司的经营活动

复兴商业公司是贸易委员会属下规模最大后来也是唯一的一家国营贸易公司,是负责执行战时统购统销、易货偿债政策的重要机构。本文充分利用贸易委员会等机构的源文件,深入分析太平洋战争爆发后公司的经营活动,包括对外贸易政策上的应变、人事上的调整、国营公司的改组与合并、资金的运营以及易货偿债的执行等具体内容,并以复兴商业公司为例,对于战时国民政府推行统制经济政策的得失以及国营公司所承担的作用予以客观的评价。     

财政部贸易委员会1942年工作报告(上)

太平洋战争爆发后,中国政府继续向欧美各同盟国输出大量的桐油、猪鬃、生丝等战略物资,以换取美、苏等国的国际军事经济援助.本组史料集中反映了财政部贸易委员会秉承国民政府既定方针,以“兼顾内销外销,并重进口出口”为基本原则,对内促进生产、充实物力,对外与各同盟国合作、维持海外市场,以建立战后经济发展根基之情形.     

六十年代中日民间贸易述略

60年代 ,中日之间建立了友好贸易和备忘录贸易两条民间贸易渠道。友好贸易 ,是中方出于中日友好的诚意 ,与承认政治三原则、主张中日友好的日本企业的贸易 ;备忘录贸易 ,是中日之间以备忘录的形式发展起来的贸易。友好贸易和备忘录贸易推动了 60年代中日民间贸易的进一步发展 ,有力地促进了中日关系的早日正常化 ,在中日关系史上具有极为重要的意义     

论改善中日贸易结构与转变中日贸易增长方式

改革开放以后,中国外贸取得了举世瞩目的成就。日本曾连续11年成为中国最大的贸易伙伴,中日贸易额在2006年首次突破2000亿美元大关。在对华直接投资中,日本仅次于港澳台地区。但中日贸易结构仍较落后。日本的对华直接投资能否有助于中日贸易结构的改善和中日贸易增长方式的改变,促进中日贸易更好地发展是本文探讨的主要问题。     

17世纪英国海外贸易的拓展与转型

17世纪,英国与西欧、北欧呢绒的贸易趋于衰落,而与利凡特东印度以及北美殖民地的进口贸易却繁荣起来。进口的目的是为了再出口。这种输入与再输出的贸易越来越发达,而呢绒出口贸易则逐渐走向衰落,这就是所谓的贸易转型。17世纪英国的贸易转型分两个阶段：第一阶段发展的是与利凡特—东印度的贸易;第二阶段发展的是与殖民地的贸易。这种以再出口为目的的新型海外贸易,是17世纪英国巨额财富的主要来源。     

Coffee,Fair Trade,and the Commodification of Morality

The goals of the fair trade movement include guaranteeing a reasonable income for rural farmers in the Global South, building democratic institutions and gender equality, and promoting environmental sustainability. Proponents claim that consumers, through their buying choices, can counter the negative externalities created by neoliberal reforms of the past three decades. The question is, whether a market-oriented solution can address market-created ills, or whether fair trade is a marketing strategy to increase the profit margin of agencies along the commodity chain? This article examines how these questions have been addressed by the books under review.     

Agriculture,Trade and Sustainability

In recent decades there has been growing concern about the combined undesired consequences of rapid economic growth, based on the free market movement, and developments in science and technology. This concern has placed the sustainable development concept on the world's agenda. The notion of sustainability, which originally referred mostly to the environmental consequences of human activities, along with their economic and social aspects, has been discussed not only at the national and the global levels but also in relation to particular sectors of the economy. One such sector is agriculture, which to be sustainable must be ecologically sound, economically viable, and socially responsible. Unless current trade and agricultural policies are geared to creating such a structure, sustainability will be no more than a myth in the industrialized and globalized world, while considerable numbers of people will be left struggling with hunger and poverty. Ethical, fair trade and ecologic agricultural practices, such as organic farming, have been suggested as alternatives to existing practices. However, with their current and potential size, these alternatives cannot compete with existing production and trade systems. But these alternatives nevertheless highlight the main problems of current day free trade and industrialized agriculture structures and their related solutions.

This paper reviews the concepts of sustainable development and sustainable agriculture: it raises the question whether the world-wide free market economy is really free, and it considers the undesired consequences of this economy by focusing on the relationship between sustainable agriculture and agriculture-related trade policies.     

Trade,tribute and household responses

During the Late Middle Ages the combined pressures from the stately tributary organizations of Novgorod and Norway, in cooperation with the capitalist organization of the German Hansa, seem to have driven the hunting population of Varanger in East Finnmark to exploit the wild reindeer resource heavily. The article deals with how a Saami household who lived in a turf house on a peninsula in the present municipality of Nesseby (Unjárgd) dealt with the situation.     

Tobacco,Eurasian Trade,and the Early Modern Iranian Economy

This article focuses on the development of the tobacco industry in Iran during the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. It uses this discussion as an entry point to inquire about the early modern Iranian economy. Using a wide range of primary and secondary sources, it makes several historiographical interventions. In explaining what the development of a completely new agrarian industry means in Iranian society, the paper suggests that innovation and intensification may not have been completely absent in agriculture and that in contrast to the way some of the available literature tends to argue, the Iranian economy may not have experienced continuous decline in all sectors throughout the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries. In addition, this article contends that the tobacco industry helped bring about the rise of merchants and landowners in Iranian society, and with that the further development of mass consumption and ever-increasing cycles of production and accumulation that expanded the commercialization of agriculture, domestic and international trade networks, and Iran's agrarian economy.     

Trade policy,climate change and the greening of business

There is under way a worldwide greening of industry, driven by the huge demand generated by China and India as emerging industrial giants whose growth cannot be accommodated by ‘business as usual’ fossil-fuelled development—for reasons having as much to do with energy security as concerns over global warming and climate change. While the role played in this process by fiscal and industry policies (e.g. carbon taxes and other market-based incentives) is well understood (even if not pursued currently in Australia), the potentially powerful leverage to be exercised by trade policy is under-recognised. There are some positive developments such as a proposed Environmental Goods Agreement being discussed in Geneva, while there are negative developments embodied in various bilateral and regional trade agreements such as the proposed Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) agreement, to which Australia has committed itself. There are rising levels of conflict over trade and climate change mitigation measures, in actions brought at the WTO against countries looking to promote green industries through measures like local content requirements being attached to foreign direct investment, or by countries imposing border tax adjustments against exporters who allegedly fail to implement carbon taxes. The issues involved are discussed in this paper and possible ways forward are proposed, along with some implications for Australia.     

Trade,culture and the European Union cultural exception

ABSTRACT

The article examines how the European Union has addressed the ‘trade and culture debate’ in its international trade agreements. From a cultural exception approach based on an attempt to detach culture from trade provisions, the European Union economic agreements seem to evolve to a broader and more holistic position aiming to promote cultural exchanges through cooperation, while still safeguarding policy space in cultural matters through its traditional cultural exception. The article provides an overview of the European positions to defend the specificity of the audio-visual services sector at the multilateral (World Trade Organization Agreements), regional and bilateral levels. It also examines how the implementation of the 2005 UNESCO Convention on the Protection and Promotion of the Diversity of Cultural Expressions has led the European Union to negotiate cultural cooperation provisions in parallel to some of its recent bilateral and regional trade agreements and the way this Convention may impact the understanding of the ‘trade and culture debate’.