Salt tectonics and shallow subseafloor fluid convection: models of coupled fluid‐heat‐salt transport

Thermohaline convection associated with salt domes has the potential to drive significant fluid flow and mass and heat transport in continental margins, but previous studies of fluid flow associated with salt structures have focused on continental settings or deep flow systems of importance to petroleum exploration. Motivated by recent geophysical and geochemical observations that suggest a convective pattern to near‐seafloor pore fluid flow in the northern Gulf of Mexico (GoMex), we devise numerical models that fully couple thermal and chemical processes to quantify the effects of salt geometry and seafloor relief on fluid flow beneath the seafloor. Steady‐state models that ignore halite dissolution demonstrate that seafloor relief plays an important role in the evolution of shallow geothermal convection cells and that salt at depth can contribute a thermal component to this convection. The inclusion of faults causes significant, but highly localized, increases in flow rates at seafloor discharge zones. Transient models that include halite dissolution show the evolution of flow during brine formation from early salt‐driven convection to later geothermal convection, characteristics of which are controlled by the interplay of seafloor relief and salt geometry. Predicted flow rates are on the order of a few millimeters per year or less for homogeneous sediments with a permeability of 10^?15 m², comparable to compaction‐driven flow rates. Sediment permeabilities likely fall below 10^?15 m² at depth in the GoMex basin, but such thermohaline convection can drive pervasive mass transport across the seafloor, affecting sediment diagenesis in shallow sediments. In more permeable settings, such flow could affect methane hydrate stability, seafloor chemosynthetic communities, and the longevity of fluid seeps.     

The Lion Salt Works,Northwich: A Legacy of the Cheshire Salt Industry

The Lion Salt Works are the last standing buildings of the open-pan salt industry that dominated the mid-Cheshire valleys of the rivers Weaver and Wheelock in North-West England. The site had been in the hands of the Thompson family from 1856, when the first works the Alliance Salt Works began. The Lion Salt Works occupied an adjacent land plot and ran from 1894 until their closure in 1986. The site opened with a small museum, but despite the continued campaigning of the Lion Salt Works Trust over the next 25 years the majority of the buildings remained in a dilapidated state. The site was closed between 2009 and 2015 as the buildings were restored and reopened as a museum, conference facilities and café as part of a project funded by a combination of the Heritage Lottery Fund, Cheshire West and Chester Council, Manage+, WREN and Historic England. Archaeological and historical research was conducted as part of the project. This paper describes the results of this research, detailing how salt was made at the site, the development of salt-making in Cheshire, the archaeology uncovered on site and the Thompson family business. It finally concludes by examining the Lion Salt Works place in a wider landscape of the Cheshire salt industry and the chemical industry in North-West England.     

Booming Farming by the Jingsha River

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Breeding Influenza: The Political Virology of Offshore Farming

Abstract:  The geographic extent, xenospecificity, and clinical course of influenza A (H5N1), the bird flu strain, suggest the virus is an excellent candidate for a pandemic infection. Much attention has been paid to the virus's virology, pathogenesis and spread. In contrast, little effort has been aimed at identifying influenza's social origins. In this article, I review H5N1's phylogeographic properties, including mechanisms for its evolving virulence. The novel contribution here is the attempt to integrate these with the political economies of agribusiness and global finance. Particular effort is made to explain why H5N1 emerged in southern China in 1997. It appears the region's reservoir of near-human-specific recombinants was subjected to a phase change in opportunity structure brought about by China's newly liberalized economy. Influenza, 200 nm long, seems able to integrate selection pressures imposed by human production across continental distances, an integration any analysis of the virus should assimilate in turn.     

Touching the sacred: sensing spirituality at Irish holy wells

This paper explores the links between touch – as a physical sensation and as a metaphorical connection – and spiritual encounters at Irish holy wells. Building on embodied examinations of the sacred by cultural geographers, my emphasis on the haptic aspects of the micro-pilgrimages at these fluid locations presents new insight into spiritual experiences as practiced and felt processes. Touch serves both as an analytical lens and a sensed understanding to consider these ethereal spaces. An ethnographic exploration of two holy wells in the southwest of Ireland, including detailed field observations and participant interviews, illustrates how the sacred and material intertwine through ritualised tactile performances and numinous registers. The findings demonstrate how a focus on touch provides a fresh avenue to consider the creation of located spiritual experiences.     

Farming in the troposphere: drawing together affective atmospheres and elemental geographies

This paper focuses on the much-neglected contribution of weather to research encounters. Affective atmospheres and elemental geographies are used as a platform to examine the vibrant materialities of the troposphere. The weather encapsulates human and non-human bodies, moods and actions in an enveloping space and I trace how these materialities and immaterialities are transmitted between bodies in the research setting. In a (post)phenomenological sense, certain atmospheric and meteorological events figure as lively participants. Through three research moments with farmers, I discuss how various weather conditions such as a warm balmy spring, wet muddy winter and the suffocating heat of summer enables thinking on the relational weight of atmospheres. By following participants throughout the circadian rhythms of farming over a year, seasonal fluctuations were recorded. Thus, researcher effort to comprehend how bodies become attuned and sensitive to the causal powers of the troposphere is foregrounded within share-farming experiences.     

盐,国之大宝

盐,作为人类生活的必需品,人人不可缺少.俗话说:走遍天下离不了线,山珍海味离不了盐;走遍天下娘好,吃尽滋味盐好;开门开件事,柴、米、油、盐、酱、醋、茶.无论世界上任何国家和地区,盐既是民生之必需,也是国家财政赋税收入的一项重要来源,甚至是一项重要的战略资源.     

盐法变迁与地方社会的盐政观念--康熙年间赣州盐法所见之市场、考成与盐政关系

与以往研究者较多地从财政、军事、商人、商业以及资本主义等角度解释盐政不同,本文通过对康熙年间江西赣州府盐法变迁的分析,说明基于市场因素的多层次盐区认同与行政性制度因素一起,成为地方社会对王朝盐政制度进行反应的重要依据,其中盐法考成是王朝盐政制度在地方具体运作的一个关键.     

Tsakhalho:Salt Production and the Preservation of a Church

Tsakhalho lies in Markham County, Chamdo Prefecture of the Tibetan Au-tonomous Region(TAR).Geo-graphically it looks quite mysteri-ous and it has a unique culture. Formally,it is referred to as"Tsakhalho Jangba(Naxi)ethnic Town of Markham".It is located in the southeast of TAR,between the east bank of Lancang River and Dechen County.At an elevation of about 2,400 meters,the town is adjacent to Paltang of Sichuan Prov-ince on     

明代盐法之演变与盐商之变化

明代的盐法是从宋元时期的盐法继承而来的,在国家专卖制度下组织了灶户制度,随着明初钞法的破坏,以及社会经济的变化,明代的盐法经历了一系列深刻的变化,如允许余盐和正盐一样可以公开进入国家的专卖体系;明中叶以后又出现了纳银开中制度等。所有的这些变化并不仅仅是盐法自身的变化,它也引起了与明代盐法变化密切相关的商人的地位与命运的变化。     

The residual humanism of hybridity: retaining a sense of the earth

The concept of hybridity has become an influential theoretical tool for examining and reconsidering relations between society and nature. Although benefits have accrued from this school of thought, this paper contends the deployment of hybridity within the geographic discipline falls short of its reconstitutional claims. These shortcomings are a consequence of the original sources used to develop the language and logic of hybridity. Although the concept of hybridity has a long history in the biological sciences, the utilisation of hybridity in the geographic discipline has predominantly relied upon evolving theories developed in science and technology studies. This paper indicates how Haraway's cyborg and Latour's Middle Kingdom limit the scope of hybridity by portraying humanity as central to hybridity. The pervasive centrality of humans within the literature on hybridity (1) limits the ability of geographers to embrace poststructuralism in its entirety and (2) diminishes the discipline's claim to credibly represent the (natural) landscape. This paper argues for a thicker hybridity by borrowing from emergent theories in the biological sciences, wherein hybridity is conceived as a common occurrence that frequently takes place outside the direct purview of society. Rather than reifying nature, thick hybridity forces society to embrace environmental uncertainty more than it has heretofore.     

土族古歌节会中的农业文化

要考察一个民族的历史身份,我们不能只盯着某一历史时期的文献记载和某些表面现象,而要从历史的角度考察它的风俗文化和生活样态,只有深入到民族的生活之中,我们才能确定它真实的历史上曾经的民族身份。     

Nitrates,water and salt: maintaining the fertility of agriculture

Abstract

The fertility of the soil depends on an ample supply of nitrogen compounds and on a variety of other nutrients and trace elements. The supply of nitrates by natural means has posed a limit to productivity since the inception of agriculture, and the avoidance of soil salination has been a necessity in many environments. Since the invention of an industrial process for fixing atmospheric nitrogen (the Haber process), there has been an ample supply of nitrates in the form of chemical fertilisers, capable of sustaining agriculture worldwide, and enabling it to feed the burgeoning human population. The growth in agricultural supply has been attributable, in the second half of the twentieth century, to the combined agency of hybrid crop species, chemical fertilisers and irrigation. Now, at the beginning of the twenty-first century, the problem of soil salination is limiting this growth and threatening to reverse it.     

Dairy Farming and Milk Marketing Relationships in the CIS

A team of Western and CIS agricultural economists presents the results of a cross-national survey of 916 dairy farms located in Armenia, Moldova, and Ukraine. The focus on milk marketing and supply chain relationships reflects their importance as determinants of farmers' welfare. Survey findings cover herd sizes, milk yields, investment activities, prices, sales to processors, and relationships with and support from buyers. An analysis of farmer satisfaction based on use of an ordered probit model, highlights the significance of trust and support measures. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: O18, P32, Q13. 8 tables, 37 references.     

黑土地的文明窗口

辽宁省博物馆坐落于辽宁省沈阳市和平区十纬路26号,馆合占地16000平方米,是我国著名的大型历史艺术博物馆之一。 馆内主体建筑两座,正面坐北朝南的具有浓郁欧洲古典风格的罗马式建筑,原系奉系军阀、热河都统汤玉麟的官邸,总面积3539平方米,大小房屋23间。1930年开始兴建,1931年因“九·……