西夏天都监军司所遗址及神勇军考

西夏立国后,曾在各军事要地设置了10多所监军司,其中天都监军司的有无及左厢神勇军的驻地,有关史书的记载都存在分歧。笔通过史料分析、实地考察,认为天都监军司设立在今宁夏海原县西安乡张湾村南堡子台上,即麻张台古城;而神勇军作为一支能征善战的精锐部队,也曾驻扎在天都山。天都监军司的神勇军在宋夏天都之争中,发挥了重要作用。     

满洲八旗的“正”与“厢”

正黑龙江省双城市是满族人集中的地区,这里的老地名极有意思:正蓝旗、厢黄旗、正黄旗、正白旗……是当年八旗的驻防地留下的。正黄旗的人,总是爱说"咱是正黄旗的",而厢蓝旗的、厢白旗的,就只是说"满族",不说自己是哪个旗的。因为当地人认为,八旗里面,"正"的高,"正"的里面,黄旗最高。事实上并不是那么一回事,问题出在字的写法上。     

满洲八旗的“正”与“厢”

正黑龙江省双城市是满族人集中的地区,这里的老地名极有意思:正蓝旗、厢黄旗、正黄旗、正白旗……是当年八旗的驻防地留下的。正黄旗的人,总是爱说"咱是正黄旗的",而厢蓝旗的、厢白旗的,就只是说"满族",不说自己是哪个旗的。因为当地人认为,八旗里面,"正"的高,"正"的里面,黄旗最高。事实上并不是那么一回事,问题出在字的写法上。     

北宋的厢兵制度

北宋王朝的军队分为禁兵、厢兵、乡兵和蕃兵。其中,禁兵和厢兵是北宋的常备军队,时人谓之“正军”,构成了北宋军队的主要部分。本文试图对北宋厢兵及其制度的形成、发展及作用等问题作一些初步探讨。厢兵之名,始于五代。王应麟《玉海》卷139云: 朱梁以方镇建国,遂以镇兵之制用之京师。京师兵有四厢,而诸军两厢,其厢使掌城郭烟火之事,而军旅渐有厢军之名。……(宋兴),而天下镇兵通谓之厢军。北宋立国之后,为了防止唐末五代藩镇割据,拥兵自重故态复萌,对藩镇之兵进行了拣选。精兵悍卒,选送京师,组建成禁兵。地方州军所剩,大都是老弱病残者,如何处置这些人,关系到新兴政权的稳定与否。南宋人吕中曾针对宋初拣择士兵一事评论说:“夫兵之冗不难于汰而难于处,籍其力于强     

再论西夏的地方行政制度

西夏地方行政建置可以分为前后两个时期。前期以景宗元昊统治时期为代表,实行监军司一州(城)二级制,主要的地方行政组织有监军司、州(府)、堡(镇)寨等。后期以仁宗统治时期为代表,实行经略司(路)—监军司—地边城司三级制,主要的地方行政组织有经略司、府、军、郡、县、监军司、城、寨、堡等。另外,在农业地区还并行有负责赋税的转运司(路)—郡县二级制。西夏地方行政制度的基本特征有三:一是效仿宋制,不断加强中央集权;二是以军统政,军事主导的色彩浓厚;三是因地制宜,在政区级别上适时调整。     

关于吐蕃统治敦煌时期的基层组织——十将、将

吐蕃敦煌地区的十将、将源自本部十将(tshan bcu),又对唐朝军队的十将、左右将制度进行了模仿。敦煌汉人军事部落中设有将,以左、右等厢编制,将之首领称为将头,统率本将成员所组成的军事编队。之上设有十将使,简称十将,也以左、右等厢编制,十将使管辖百人,吐蕃文称为brkyevu rje,管辖机构为十将(bcu tshan),可能管辖2个将(tshan)。十将使、将头都归属部落使管辖,管理相关军事行政事务。将头统领本将成员组成的军事编队tshar,称之为小茹(ru cung),之上设有中茹(ru vbring),即十将使。归义军军队中的十将、将、队制直接承袭了吐蕃旧制,并受到唐朝军制影响。     

关于吐蕃统治敦煌时期的基层组织——十将、将北大核心CSSCI

吐蕃敦煌地区的十将、将源自本部十将(tshan bcu),又对唐朝军队的十将、左右将制度进行了模仿。敦煌汉人军事部落中设有将,以左、右等厢编制,将之首领称为将头,统率本将成员所组成的军事编队。之上设有十将使,简称十将,也以左、右等厢编制,十将使管辖百人,吐蕃文称为brkyevu rje,管辖机构为十将(bcu tshan),可能管辖2个将(tshan)。十将使、将头都归属部落使管辖,管理相关军事行政事务。将头统领本将成员组成的军事编队tshar,称之为小茹(ru cung),之上设有中茹(ru vbring),即十将使。归义军军队中的十将、将、队制直接承袭了吐蕃旧制,并受到唐朝军制影响。     

“汉唐旧疆”话语下的宋神宗开边

宋人所言"汉唐旧疆"主要是随现实政治而变化的政治话语,而非实指汉唐所有直辖郡县。雍熙战争后,宋朝对外逐步放弃华夷一统话语,"汉唐旧疆"成为对外开拓和对待幽燕、西夏、交趾等问题的主要话语。到仁宗朝,其内涵基本固定为幽燕、西夏(含河西等地)、河湟和交趾。神宗继承了仁宗以来"汉唐旧疆"的话语和内涵,在此旗帜下确立了以恢复河湟、西夏、幽燕和交趾为目标的整体开边计划,实施了对河湟、西夏和交趾的恢复行动,各地开边活动相互联动。可见"汉唐旧疆"又不只是一种政治话语,同时也是具有执行意义的政治框架。     

宋辽金元建制城市的出现与城市体系的形成

宋辽金元是中国古代"城市革命"的重要时期。主要表现为:在城市空间上,由封闭到开放,由坊市制转变为厢坊制;在管理制度上,宋代以拥有专门行政管理机构府属都厢为标志,出现了个案建制城市。辽金元则以拥有专门行政管理机构诸京警巡院、路府节镇录事司、防刺州司候司为标志,出现了更多建制城市。在此基础上,金元时期形成了联系密切、分布有序的古代城市体系。     

太阳山历代兵事探微（三）

四、宋与西夏战事宋代已由五代十国的动乱、分裂走向统一,北宋王朝为中国历史上国土最小、国势最弱、国防最差的封建王朝。在此期间,党项族从拓跋部夏州政权建立起（881年）,至西夏王朝灭亡止（1227年）,包括西夏王朝190年在内,历时347年。北宋初期,太阳山地区分属灵、原等州。成平五年（1002年）,萧关（今海原县高崖乡草场古城）以北皆被党项族首领李继迁攻占,北宋只控制萧关以南各地。西夏实行全民皆兵制度,全国设置12监军司,其中韦州静塞监军司,驻威州（今韦州镇）。韦州静塞监军司为西夏地方军指挥机构,每一监军司都领有一支专门的军队,     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the