谈地理学教学

地理学可以给人以知识,地理学史可以给人以智慧,地理学发展的历史,是反映地理科学孕育,产生和发展演变规律的历史,蕴涵着地理学家的业绩、科学的思想、科学的精神和科学的方法。本文拟立足地理学史的教育内涵,对地理学史的科学教育功能、创造教育功能、知识内化功能等作些探讨。     

谁的叙述:明代方志地图绘制人员身份初考

有关中国古代地图绘制者的身份一般较少论述 ,尤其是保存在地方志中的大量地图的绘制者 ,我们一般更少涉及。本文在考察现刊天一阁明代方志的基础上 ,对明代方志地图绘制者的身份作了初步的探讨 ,认为这一时期方志地图的绘制者大致可以分为儒士、普通绘画工匠和专业刻书工匠。     

地理学思想史研究中值得注意的几个问题

对于中国地理学史的研究 ,我国不断有论著问世 ,然而对中国地理学思想史的研究却显得较为薄弱。刘盛佳教授编著的《地理学思想史》在这方面做出了独特的贡献。当然 ,作为拓荒之作 ,其中难免也有存在一些问题 ,需要我们在地理学思想史研究中加以注意 :需弄清地理学思想与地理思想的区别与联系 ;在世界范围内考察中国地理学思想史的发展要注意中国地理学的地域特性 ;研究通史性质的地理学思想史要注意到它的空间范围 ;要提倡积极开展中国地理学思想史的专门研究     

郭象升与山西方志图编绘的近代转型

在近代西学东渐过程中,中国方志编撰也开始近代转型。“志图”是方志一项重要内容,因地理学在古代中国的滞后,一直缺乏科学性,不仅地图要素有历史化特征,绘制方法上则着意突出礼制布局、景观意境等,在具体方位、比例上只是大概,而非写实。1917年山西省公署颁布郭象升《山西各县志书凡例》,在吸纳章学诚、徐继畲等方志思想基础上,接受近代地理学成果,提出“志图”要用“新测绘法,务须精审”;同时,因山西省城镇发展落后,城镇图志编绘理论又存在明显不足。毋庸置疑,郭氏理论在山西地方志近代转型中具有开山意义。     

西域舆图跋语辨误及相关问题

顷读《收藏家》2014第四期,该期刊出陈禹《黑龙江省博物馆藏西域舆图》一文,介绍清乾隆年间宫廷画师徐扬所作的《西域舆图》,由于笔者工作涉及援疆且挂职于文化部门,因而就对该文特别留意。 所谓＂舆图＂,＂舆＂的本意是车的底座,用来承载物体,因为地图上载有山川、城镇、四方地物,所以古人就把地理学叫作舆地学,把看风水叫作勘舆学,舆图也就是反映皇土疆域的地图。     

简析清代方志中的舆图

地图称作舆图,舆图与方志之问有着很深的历史渊源。清代方志中的舆图在舆图史上占有重要地位,其数量多,种类丰富,绘制技术比较高,科学性、准确性也进一步提高,在方志中具有不可替代的功用。清代方志中舆图思想与设置对今天的修志也不无借鉴作用。     

朝鲜王朝时期《择里志》述略——兼谈中国方志编纂对朝鲜半岛的影响

李重焕《择里志》被誉为朝鲜王朝时期第一部人文地理学著作,作为具有广泛影响的私人编著方志文献,对于朝鲜半岛方志具有重要意义。从《择里志》的体例和内容来看,应当在一定程度上受到了《舆地纪胜》《舆地名胜志》等书编纂思想的影响,反映了中国古代方志文献编纂思想向周边区域的辐射和影响。     

乾隆时期西北地区的天文大地测量及其意义

本文详细考述了乾隆时期在西北地区进行的两次天文大地测量活动 ,分析、讨论了测量成果与测量方法 ,阐述了测量工作对于舆图绘制和边疆版图确定的作用和意义 ,获得了一些新认识。指出通过两次实测得到了 10 0多个经纬点的资料 ,为编绘新疆地图和全国地图提供了科学依据 ,其成果在测绘史上占有突出地位     

试论明代方志建置图准确性问题——以嘉靖《陕西通志》为中心

方志地图属于古舆图的一种特殊类型,对其准确性的研究,以往多采用测绘学的理论方法探讨其数学意义上的准确性。通过选取方志地图中的一种主要类型——建置图,以城墙轮廓为核心,从同时期的文献记载对其内容进行验证和将民国以来的实测地图与其进行比照等两种思路、方法对嘉靖《陕西通志》建置图的准确性问题进行分析探讨,虽然个别建置图不大准确,但大多数建置图是具有一定准确性的。通过对建置图准确性问题的探讨,继而总结出其绘制的手法,认为建置图的绘制具有一定的方法准则。     

浅论晚清科学家邹伯奇的方志舆图测绘成就

邹伯奇(1819—1869),广东南海人,晚清科学家、发明家。以往学者对其在光学、算学、天文学领域的成就研究甚多,却较少对其在舆图测绘方面的成就进行专门探讨。因此,本文围绕邹伯奇与弟子在同治《南海县志》地图测绘中的实践和思考,探讨其以县志舆图试法,探索近代中国方志舆图测绘新方法的不懈努力,以及他在方志城图测绘领域的卓著成就与深远影响。     

人文地理学空间思想的几次重大转折

理解空间思想的演变及其与人文地理学的关系具有重要意义。从思想史角度出发,可将人文地理学空间思想的演变划分为起、承、转、合四个阶段。康德从哲学角度第一次系统地界定地理学为专门的空间科学,抬升了地理学的学科地位。赫特纳-哈特向承袭康德的空间观,将空间科学的抽象规定与方志传统的实际历史结合,把地理学研究对象归约为区域。其后,人文地理学的空间思想出现了四次重大转向,分别是空间几何学、人文空间性、激进的空间、空间的生产;它们体现了人文地理学与数学、哲学和其它社会科学的紧密关联与交叉。20世纪80年代以来兴起的后现代空间思想某种程度上契合康德空间观,但在哲学理念和侧重点上存在很大差异。由于不同空间认识论都有其价值,价值大小也难以评估,所以人文地理学学科地位与身份问题的争论已趋于淡化,这提示了人文地理空间研究可采取多重面向。哲学和其他学科在为人文地理提供依据和工具,使得人文地理学身份陷入迷离的同时也为其增添了活力和魅力,这是人文地理学面临的最大机遇与挑战。     

环境史续论

环境是指人类周围的空间范围,即人类赖以生存的物质世界。它包括自然环境和人工环境,但是不包括社会环境。生态中心论的提法忽视了人类的主动性和创造性,有些矫枉过正。环境恶化和环境污染,是环境史研究的两大重点。历史地理学、农史林史水利史的部分内容属于环境史,它们与环境史各有侧重,不能等同为一。考古学扩大了环境史研究的视野。环境史与上述学科的关系,体现了环境史跨学科的特点。     

Exploring international film festivals from a co-evolutionary perspective: the cases of Berlin and Busan compared

In the past two decades, the number of international film festivals strongly increased. As a research topic, however, these festivals have received little attention within economic geography and regional studies. The aim of this comparative paper is to explore the institutional history and impact on local economic development of two international film festivals, namely Berlin and Busan, from a co-evolutionary perspective. Based on qualitative empirical fieldwork done in Busan and Berlin we draw two conclusions. First, different institutional structures have led to different ways of success. However, Busan’s less stable and tenser institutional configuration may negatively affect the festival in the near future. Secondly, in both cities the festival affects the local economy, albeit in different ways.     

唐代贾耽的地理(地图)著述及其地图学成绩再评价

对唐代贾耽的地理(地图)著述的名目进行辨析,分析了"关中陇右及山南九州等图"、《九州图》、《海内华夷图》之间的关系,以及别录与通录的区别。指出《九州图》、《海内华夷图》是贾耽国图撰修总体事业在不同历史阶段的总称。并从地图学传统、方志学传统入手,探讨了贾耽地理(地图)著述的性质,对其中的地图学成绩进行了重新评价,进而从"近意就实,依稀像真"分析了贾耽地图学的滞后性,指出"古墨今朱"应只是文字注记的区别,并非通过图形绘制表达古今地理要素的差异,由此审视了中国古代地图史上图形绘制与文字注记的关系。     

Natural encounters: climate,weather and the Italian Renaissance

This paper examines a key issue in the history of the climate in the pre-instrumental period, that is, how to use narrative sources which make frequent references to weather events, but which need contextualised interpretation. The paper follows an argument that climatological techniques for deriving temperature indices from chronicles, though they have become increasingly elaborate and refined, nevertheless leave out much that is of interest to the social historian. This paper explores the area of the what-is-left-behind when chronicle narratives are reduced to numerical indices. Investigating a broad range of Latin and Italian chronicles from fourteenth and fifteenth-century Italy, the paper draws three main conclusions: that sensitivity to weather events not only varied greatly among writers (as one might expect) but so too did their use of severe weather to serve the purposes of narrative (through sequencing, metaphor and analogy); that sensitivity to meteorological anomaly changed during the period, especially in the fifteenth century with the spread of prognosticating verses; and that the broadening of chroniclers' interests in weather, both ordinary and extraordinary, and in its effects on everyday, material life may allow a connection to and re-evaluation of the Burckhartian idea of the Renaissance ‘discovery of the world’.     

历史地理学的学科属性辨析

文章从学科属性、历史根源及客观现实等方面剖析了历史地理学科命名上的名实不符问题。认为历史地理学的研究应回归到研究社会历史与地理环境关系的轨道,现实的历史地理学研究内容应归属于地理历史学的学科范畴,指出了研究社会历史发展与地理环境关系的重要性与必要性。     

SEEING SPATIAL STRUCTURES: ON THE ROLE OF VISUAL MATERIAL IN THE MAKING OF THE EARLY QUANTITATIVE REVOLUTION IN GEOGRAPHY

This article examines the role that visual material played in the early years of the quantitative revolution in Anglophone geography. It is part of a larger project that attempts to write a history of geography's scopic regimes in the twentieth century and draws on post‐positivist approaches to the history of science. It is argued that there are a number of strategic as well as theoretical reasons for such a reliance on images in the quantitative revolution. Some reasons are unique to the quantitative revolution in geography, some resemble a more general way in which paradigm shifts take place in science and some are located outside of academia. This article is primarily interested in the internal view on the geography of the quantitative revolution and its rationalities. The paper departs from Christaller's hexagon, as one of the most influential and iconic. It then broadens the view to include a much wider range of visual material, arguing for some more general observations on the use of images in geography during the early quantitative revolution. It is argued that there was a significant shift of forms and functions of visual material. Overall, it is argued, visual material gained in importance and while geography was getting “thinner” and more abstract, its role in making visual arguments became stronger. From being merely an aid for seeing, visual material became a prime carrier of knowledge.     

Gender geography in Japan: the trajectory,fruits of research and future challenges

Abstract

The indication by female geographers outside of Japan that, due to the original dearth of female geographers, a gender perspective had been missing from geography held true for Japan as well. In 1993, Yoshida was the first person to discuss the importance of a gender perspective in a Japanese journal of geography. Nearly 25 years have passed since its publication, and the aim of this paper is to investigate what developments have taken place in Japanese geography on gender research. As the accomplishments of feminist geography in English-speaking countries was merely ‘imported’ to Japan around 1990, there is no firm starting point of ‘feminist’ geography, which originated in women’s liberation movement of the 1970s, in the country. Rather, it can be said that Japanese geographers, regardless of sex, undertake gender geography, which does not limit a particular sex as the sole subject and/or object of research. The results of research on gender geography by men geographers began to appear from the year 2000. The use of life history method emerged as a trend in research since 2000. While there has been gradual progress in research on gender geography in Japan, the number of researchers are still by no means large. While Japanese geography has hitherto involved a one-way absorption of the fruits of overseas research on gender/feminist geographies, at least based on studies that have already accumulated in Japan, it is now necessary that Japanese study results also be communicated to overseas.     

70年来中国历史民族地理研究的主要进展

历史民族地理是现代中国历史人文地理的一个分支,其研究成果涉及中国民族史、民族学(人类学)、历史人文地理以及边疆史地等多个学科。中华人民共和国成立70年来,历史民族地理的发展也经历了一个曲折而复杂的过程。改革开放以来,随着各个相关学科的蓬勃发展,历史民族地理研究成果丰硕,成绩斐然,已初步成为历史人文地理研究领域的一个重要分支。