吃与不吃:食物体系与文化体系

人类与食物的关系不仅是生存关系,也表现出建立在其上的文化体系的互动关系。不同的文化体系对食物有着不同价值观。石器时代人类与食物的关系在今天值得我们反思,有些地方甚至值得借鉴。不同的文化体系在食物体系中创立了不同的分类制度,许多食物的文化隐喻通过仪式进行特殊的表达。人类生存与食物生态构成一种共生现象,需要格外养护。     

To Clench or to Rivet: That is the Question

Definitions of the terms 'clench' and 'rivet' proposed by A. E. Christensen are evaluated using the etymology of those terms and recent usage. An alternative definition of 'clench', is proposed, and definitions of 'hooked nail' and 'turned nail' are introduced. It is suggested that the term 'rivet' should be restricted to ferrous fastenings used with metal plates.
© 2004 The Nautical Archaeology Society     

To Salt or Not to Salt: A Review of Evidence for Processed Marine Products and Local Traditions in the Aegean Through Time

This article addresses the question of the production of locally processed and imported marine products in the Aegean through time, utilising zooarchaeological evidence combined with various other records when available. What is clear from this overview is that Aegean populations were familiar with processing techniques from as early as the Mesolithic period. Despite evidence for more intensive exploitation and preservation of marine resources at specific times and in specific areas, aimed at maximising the returns from seasonally abundant catches, in general preserved marine products seem to have been of limited significance to Aegean communities and they probably never constituted a significant part of the Aegean diet.     

To Sit or Not to Sit: The Supreme Court of the United States and the Civil Rights Movement in the Upper South

In the early 1960s, Ford T. Johnson Jr. was an undergraduate at Virginia Union University, a black college in Richmond, Virginia. So was his sister, Elizabeth. On Saturday, February 20, 1960, they and dozens of classmates headed downtown to participate in sit-ins directed at segregated seating arrangements at the eating venues in the department stores that lined Broad Street. What motivated the Johnsons and the other black students who participated in the sit-in that Saturday was a commitment to bring segregation to an end—beginning with the integration of downtown Richmond's lunch counters. Whether the racial discrimination imposed in those stores reflected the express mandates of state laws and city ordinances or the private decisions of various enterprises did not matter to the demonstrators. Even if integrated service had been within the law, management at lunch counters and other establishments, relying on trespass laws, would still have called upon public authorities to eject demonstrators seeking desegregation.     

王源交游及其遗民子弟的一生

王源是清初颜李学派的重要传人,也是清初经世致用学风的倡导者。作为遗民子弟,其交游经历与其学术思想的形成有着密切的关系。王源一生的交游经历,既是一个遗民子弟在清初社会中境遇的缩影,也折射出了当时的社会政治状况,其学术思想的发展变化则从个案的角度呈现了清初经世致用学风的变迁趋势。     

To binarize or not to binarize: relational data and the construction of archaeological networks

Over the last several years, network methods and models from the social and physical sciences have gained considerable popularity in archaeology. Many of the most common network methods begin with the creation of binary networks where links among some set of actors are defined as either present or absent. In most archaeological cases, however, the presence or absence of a specific kind of relationship between actors is not straightforward as we must rely on material proxies for assessing connections. A common approach in recent studies has been to define some threshold for the presence of a tie by partitioning continuous relational data among sites (e.g., artifact frequency or similarity data). In this article, using an example from the U.S. Southwest, we present a sensitivity analysis focused on the potential effects of defining binary networks from continuous relational data. We show that many key network properties that are often afforded social interpretations are fundamentally influenced by the assumptions used to define connections. We suggest that, although network graphs provide powerful visualizations of network data, methods for creating and analyzing weighted (non-binarized) networks often provide a better characterization of specific network properties.     

"These Stories Will Not Lead You To Heaven": An Encounter with Two Sami Narrators

This article deals with a neglected narrative tradition that of the largely nomadic Sámi people of the northern regions of Norway, Sweden and Finland. In the past, when the stability of tradition was taken as necessary to an interesting and authentic culture, Sámi narratives were regarded only as loans from other countries through which the Sámi passed, and of no intrinsic interest or value. Though nowadays such criteria are no longer considered either necessary or valid, there still has been no extensive study of Sámi narrative culture. This article attempts to begin to remedy this situation by discussing two Sámi narrators and their stories.     

To Watch or Restrain: Female Convict Prisons in 19th-Century Tasmania

As institutions established to manage exiled British felons, the Tasmanian female factories consisted of four women's prisons located throughout the island colony. The material world of these institutions mediated internal power relations. Superintendents, Convict Department Officials, and the female prisoners themselves manipulated site landscapes. Today, one of these institutions remains as a managed historic site. Tourists experience a tidy and unthreatening landscape of Australia's heroic convict heritage. By juxtaposing excavated archaeological remains with public presentations of convict sites, I explore the position of female convicts from the original penal landscape to the shadows of Australian history.     

The Wrong King: Apocalypse and Transformation (or Not) in the White House

Abstract

Jonathan Z. Smith has argued that apocalyptic discourse grew out of a political desire to remove the "wrong" king from the throne. Later, though, the same discourse was used to prevent a "wrong" king from taking the throne. Thus apocalyptic discourse can either motivate or resist transformative change. In US political history it has served both purposes. This article focuses on the trend in presidential discourse, especially in foreign policy, since Franklin D. Roosevelt to use apocalyptic language to resist transformation. The electorate's desire to prevent substantive change was the determining factor in the presidential election of 2008. In Barack Obama's first year in office, though he seemed to promote transformation, his dominant message was a reassuring one: The threat of fundamental change would continue to be contained both at home and around the world. No "wrong" rulers would be allowed to disturb the security of America.     

To Piss in or Piss Out: Gerrard Winstanley and the Radical's Dilemma

Abstract

‘Are we called to be prophets or pragmatists? Voices crying in the wilderness, or whisperers in the corridors of power?’ Radicals in every generation have to face the question. Gerrard Winstanley, ‘True Leveller’ leader and Christian communist, faced it in the English revolution of 1649. Was he a Utopian prophet or an early practitioner of critical engagement? ‘He was sometimes one, sometimes the other, and often both at the same time. As such, he speaks to our postmodern condition, where pragmatism is the life of all.’     

To Punish or Protect: The New Poor Law and the English Workhouse

Aimed to alleviate pauperism in nineteenth-century England, the New Poor Law of 1834 resulted in the creation of hundreds of workhouses across the English landscape. Through the workhouses’ continuing use and adaptation over nearly a 100 years, these buildings illustrate the complexities of attitudes towards, and the treatment of, the poor. In its use of the built form to understand the human experience, this research identifies the variable implementation of the policies of segregation, surveillance, and specialization to promote care and/or control. Ultimately, this multifaceted approach to the workhouse reveals how workhouse architecture reflected, and sometimes contradicted, contemporaneous attitudes towards poverty, structuring, yet not defining, a pauper’s identity.     

辛亥革命爆发后徐世昌是否密赴彰德会见袁世凯

1911年10月10日辛亥革命爆发后,经内阁总理大臣奕劻和协理大臣那桐、徐世昌??14日摄政王载沣发布上谕,任命被罢官后定居在河南彰德(今安阳市)的袁世凯为湖广总督,督办剿抚事宜;所有该省军队及各路援军,均归其节制调遣;陆军大臣荫昌和海军巡洋、长江联合舰队统制萨     

坚守还是让渡——二战后英国人主权观述论

英国人对主权让渡的认识经历了较为复杂的过程:从欧洲一体化初期不愿让渡主权,到加入欧共体时出现"无关主权"、"共享主权"和"威胁主权"三种认知,之后逐渐形成主流共识:一方面,让渡部分主权、融入欧洲一体化有利于增进英国国家利益;但另一方面,无论"亲欧派"还是"疑欧派"都坚持英国的核心主权不可让渡的原则,并且不认同欧洲联邦是欧洲一体化的终结目标。英国政府采取务实主义的态度,既通过"非政治化"努力避免主权让渡成为与欧共体/欧盟合作的障碍,又坚守英国的法理主权地位,部分主权的让渡与否取决于对本国利益的权衡和国内政治的需要。英国人对主权让渡的"保守"态度是他们认知主权的一种"英国方式",但它并没有改变英国人的上述主流共识。     

Resisting Traditions: Ceramics, Identity, and Consumer Choice in the Outer Hebrides from 1800 to the Present

On a number of levels, peripheral status has been imposed on the Outer Hebrides (Scotland) since the Jacobite Rebellion in 1745. Drawing on a series of interviews with Hebridean families, this paper explores the changing meanings of ceramics imported into the islands from the early nineteenth century and displayed on wooden dressers. It is argued that in renegotiating their identity in the face of a series of externally generated economic changes, rural communities in the Hebrides have acted as thoughtful consumers, appropriating mainland material culture to their own ends. Throughout this process, imports have behaved ambiguously. This ambiguity is crucial to our understanding of the relationship—here characterized not as resistance but as resistant adaptation—between the Hebrides and the mainland.