Levels of Spatial Knowledge and Urban Travel Modeling

Models of spatial behavior implicitly assume a direct connection between the individual's utility function and his actual behavior. In reality, this link is mediated by the extent and quality of his spatial knowledge. Without sufficient knowledge, the chosen behavior will be selected from a small number of known alternatives. Using a route choice study in Beer Sheva, this paper investigates the extent and the level of spatial knowledge exhibited by the public in episodic, nonroutine travel. It demonstrates that their knowledge stabilizes at the intermediate “route level,” whereas only professional drivers attain the highest “survey level.” The cognitive opportunity sets of drivers at the route level are idiosyncratic. Accordingly, route selection by the general public was found largely unpredictable. Implications for urban travel modeling are discussed.     

Closed‐Form Maximum Likelihood Estimates of Nearest Neighbor Spatial Dependence

Models of n² potential spatial dependencies among n observations spread irregularly over space seem unlikely to yield simple structure. However, the use of the nearest neighbor leads to a very parsimonious eigenstructure of the associated adjacency matrix which results in an extremely simple closed form for the log determinant. In turn, this leads to a closed‐form solution for the maximum likelihood estimates of the spatially autoregressive and mixed regressive spatially autoregressive models. With the closed‐form solution, one can find the neighbors and compute maximum likelihood estimates for 100,000 observations in under one minute. The model has theoretical, pedagogical, diagnostic, modeling, and methodological applications. For example, the model could serve as a more enlightened null hypothesis for geographic data than spatial independence.     

Data Generation Processes for Spatial Series: The Example of Ephemeral Channel Form

Recently developed techniques for time series analysis are applied to channel width and slope series collected in small ephemeral channels in Southern Italy. Tests for the difference between trend and difference stationarity, although developed in the field of econometrics, are found to be more suitable for data generation processes in geomorphology, where physical causes of deterministic trends are evident. These tests are important because the modeling of causal flows and development of dynamic predictive models depends on the type of data generation process that is identified. The ephemeral channel data exhibit trend stationarity and the results of spectral analysis and vector autoregression analysis of detrended channel width and slope data are described.     

Knowledge Spillovers and Total Factor Productivity: Evidence Using a Spatial Panel Data Model

This article investigates the impact of knowledge capital stocks on total factor productivity (TFP) through the lens of the knowledge capital model proposed by Griliches (1979) , augmented with a spatially discounted cross-region knowledge spillover pool variable. The objective is to shift attention from firms and industries to regions and to estimate the impact of cross-region knowledge spillovers on TFP in Europe. The dependent variable is the region-level TFP, measured in terms of the superlative TFP index suggested by Caves, Christensen, and Diewert (1982) . This index describes how efficiently each region transforms physical capital and labor into output. The explanatory variables are internal and out-of-region stocks of knowledge, the latter capturing the contribution of cross-region knowledge spillovers. We construct patent stocks to proxy annual regional knowledge capital stocks for N =203 regions during 1997–2002. In estimating the effects, we implement a spatial panel data model that controls for spatial autocorrelation as well as individual heterogeneity across regions. The findings provide a fairly remarkable confirmation of the role of knowledge capital contributing to productivity differences among regions and add an important spatial dimension to discussions in the literature by showing that productivity effects of knowledge spillovers increase with geographic proximity.     

桐城派的传承与传统教育

桐城派的传承相当程度上依托于传统的教育制度。书院讲学、家学传授、私人授徒等传统教育方式使桐城派在人员构成上迅速扩展,成为一个超地域关系的文学派别。桐城派成员之间广泛存在着“师事”或“私淑”等不同类型的师生关系,这些关系是维系桐城派的重要纽带。桐城派的存在是如此依赖于传统教育,以至于传统教育体制在晚清走向瓦解时,桐城派也就自然失去了生机。     

Ritual,Continuity and Change: Greek Reflections

This article examines the tangled question of continuity and change from the point of view of ritual. It brings together in dialogue recent theoretical approaches to ritual in anthropology with several examples of diachronic studies of Greek death practices. It points to the importance of focusing on questions of “form” in ritual practices—that is, “how” rituals work and are transmitted, more or less completely, from one generation to the next. It also considers the importance of historical consciousness, in particular the notion of “changing continuities”, in understanding some of the existential ways that ritual addresses common human experiences of temporality.     

Gender and Mahalle (Neighborhood) Space in Istanbul

Studies of gender have an important place in studies of Turkey because the discourses of Islamism and secularism, and modernity and tradition, make the bodies and practices of Turkish women the site of debate. However, few studies have used a spatial analysis to examine the production of gender in daily life. This article is simultaneously a study of how gender is produced through space and of the creation of various kinds of spaces in an Istanbul mahalle (neighborhood). The mahalle is the space of intimate daily life in the Turkish urban context, and narratives of and ways of life in the mahalle articulate competing notions of what it means to be a woman in Turkey. This study of gender and mahalle space reveals the linkages between space and gender to be multiple and shifting and the boundaries between private and public spaces to be fluid. Furthermore, this reading of gender and urban space, when brought back to the Turkish context, also contributes to research which interrogates the idea of modernity at the core of national identity in Turkey, of which gender is a central and constitutive element.     

Continuity and discontinuity in the historical development of modern psychopharmacology

In the middle of the twentieth century psychiatry underwent a transition that is often referred to as the "psychopharmacology revolution." Implicit in the term revolution is the idea that a paradigm shift occurred. Specifically, it has been argued that psychiatry abandoned the psychoanalytic paradigm in favor of a qualitatively distinct conceptual system based on brain chemistry. The validity of this view requires that psychoanalysis had the status of a paradigm. This paper presents evidence that psychoanalysis did not constitute a paradigm and that the advent of psychopharmacology was not, technically, a scientific revolution. Instead, the rise of modern psychopharmacology was the culmination of a linear growth of biological knowledge that began to develop in the nineteenth century.     

Symmetry and Perfection of Form

Abstract

Objects in space are here considered from the point of view of geometrical symmetry. Accordingly, only their shape or form is important, and their size or position in space may be ignored. By comparing the symmetry of a given object with that of nearby objects of the same kind, we can identify those objects that are 'perfect' of their kind in a precise, technical sense. Among convex polyhedra with given incidence structure, there are exactly nine instances of such perfection of form.     

旅游开发与居民感知态度影响因素实证研究

本文以一个旅游开发比较成功的乡村旅游点--威海市"胶东渔村"为典型案例,重点分析、探讨了社区居民积极的旅游感知态度形成的影响因素,包括旅游开发前的知识普及、居民在经济上对旅游业的依赖程度、旅游开发对社区经济、社会、文化等方面的影响、旅游经营模式及利益分配机制等,试图通过实证研究,对社区居民积极、正面旅游感知态度的培育过程进行理论探讨,以此为实现旅游业的可持续发展提供有借鉴意义的研究成果.     

The Geography of Knowledge Spillovers Between High-Technology Firms in Europe: Evidence from a Spatial Interaction Modeling Perspective

The focus in this article is on knowledge spillovers between high-technology firms in Europe, as captured by patent citations. The European coverage is given by patent applications at the European Patent Office that are assigned to high-technology firms located in the EU-25 member states (except Cyprus and Malta), the two accession countries Bulgaria and Romania, and Norway and Switzerland. By following the paper trail left by citations between these high-technology patents we adopt a Poisson spatial interaction modeling perspective to identify and measure spatial separation effects to interregional knowledge spillovers. In doing so we control for technological proximity between the regions, as geographical distance could be just proxying for technological proximity. The study produces prima facie evidence that geography matters. First, geographical distance has a significant impact on knowledge spillovers, and this effect is substantial. Second, national border effects are important and dominate geographical distance effects. Knowledge flows within European countries more easily than across. Not only geography, but also technological proximity matters. Interregional knowledge flows are industry specific and occur most often between regions located close to each other in technological space.