Sarah and Her Sisters: Letters,Emotions, and Colonial Identities in the Early Modern Atlantic World

This article uses letters by indigenous converts to explore how early modern Moravian missions in the Atlantic imagined themselves as emotional communities. Moravian missions were the most successful Protestant mission enterprise in the Atlantic and established numerous missions across several empires and vastly different indigenous cultures. By comparing the letters from indigenous converts across the Atlantic rim (North America, Caribbean and Greenland) I argue that indigenous people used the medium of the written letter to participate in an imagined emotional community of Moravians while at the same time they negotiated inescapable social and gendered differences in very specific colonial contexts.     

英国殖民城市探析

殖民城市是指欧洲宗主国在其殖民地建立的城市,是西方殖民化及其殖民主义政策的产物,具有明显的现代城市特征：在经济方面,宗主国将工业化移入殖民城市,使之具有较高的经济起点;在政治方面,宗主国的外来政治势力控制殖民城市的政治权力,具有行政统治中心的功能;在社会方面,殖民城市的社会构成呈现多元化的特点。此外,在种族方面,殖民城市中的宗主国白人及其文化居于优越的统治地位;在客观状况方面,殖民城市以外源型和外向型为主。殖民城市的发展经历了3个主要时期：即近代时期、现代早期和二战之后。殖民城市对世界城市化产生了重要的影响：首先,殖民城市具有较高的起点和发展水平,凸显现代城市的属性。其次,殖民城市确立了现代城市的新模式,体现现代城市的精神。再次,殖民城市起到了扩展和传播城市化的作用,展示现代城市的风范。第四,殖民城市构成了世界城市化的重要组成部分,推动现代城市的发展。最后,殖民城市创造了一种新文化。     

Genealogy of Colonial Land Registration and State Land in Portuguese Timor

ABSTRACT

Establishing territorial control was one of the primary activities of colonial presence on Timor from the late nineteenth century. In Portuguese Timor as elsewhere in Southeast Asia, the colonial state pursued codification and regulation of land in multiple forms, including serial attempts to enact land registration in tandem with colonial projects including pacification, resource extraction, and generation of state income. Seeking to extend official purview to Timor-specific customary land use and practices, Portugal defined distinct social categorizations linked to land access and ownership. This article traces the policies governing land in Portuguese Timor from the late 1800s to the mid-1900s, highlighting state land acquisition, registration processes, laws and procedures asserting state control over land transactions, and international influences on Portuguese practices.     

Nomadism in the Modern World

A Soviet specialist on the economic geography of Afghanistan and the arid zone examines contemporary processes characteristic of nomadism: the changing relationships between nomadic and settled populations and the pressures that induce nomads to adopt a settled mode of life. The gradual transformation of the nomadic economy is viewed as historically inevitable, but the problems involved in the settling process vary in different regions and depend to a large extent on the physical and economic setting of the region.     

英国殖民城市模式考察

英国在殖民化中确立了具有自身特色的英国殖民城市模式.其主要内容有:提出殖民城市规划建设模式的目标;推出土地授予和分配制度;确保城市规划先于城镇建设;规定城市规划的标准和布局;预留公共用地和绿化带,避免过度商业开发.英国殖民城市模式在其存在的4个世纪里发生演变和扩散大体上经历了5个时期.殖民城市模式在城市化的进程中起到了十分重要的指导性作用.其主要特点为:英国及其殖民地政府在殖民城市模式的形成、制定过程中占据主导地位;殖民城市模式的实施建立在侵略掠夺殖民地人民的基础之上;殖民城市模式的要素构成相对稳定,具有明显的延续性;殖民城市模式的实施具有多样化的特征;殖民城市模式受到殖民地客观条件的制约;殖民城市模式对世界碱市化具有一定的影响力.     

Mission Encounters in the Colonial World: British Columbia and South-West Australia

This paper considers various aspects of the interactions of missions and indigenous peoples in regions of Canada and Australia. An analysis of first encounters indicates that the introduction of Christianity was dependent on both evangelist and client population agreeing to a modus operandi for the mission. The structure and operation of the mission were determined by the pre-existing indigenous society and the financial and personnel resources of the mission organizations. Attitudes towards, and acceptance of, Christianity were not static, they depended on changing material and political circumstances both within and outside indigenous communities. This comparative analysis indicates that religious change was not only negotiated between missionary and "convert," but among indigenous peoples themselves. The decision to profess Christianity was not a one-off decision made by individuals or communities. Rather it was a long process of change which was contingent on the perceived advantages and disadvantages of the mission world and countervailingpressures from within indigenous and colonial societies.     

Capac Women and the Politics of Marriage in Early Colonial Peru

During the major Inca civil wars, Atahualpa had almost exterminated Huascar’s kin. Only a few capac women, those who descended from Manco Capac, the founder of the Inca dynasty, remained alive. Atahualpa had planned to take them as his principal wives since only this type of marriage could successfully maintain the authority of the Incas over a large Andean territory. The Spanish arrival in 1532 interrupted his plans, but it did not eliminate Inca claims of sovereignty through marriage. In fact, it was through marriage that Atahualpa aimed to establish political alliances with Francisco Pizarro. While both Incas and Spaniards understood marriage on their own terms, there were many instances in which both were willing to redefine their own concepts of marriage in their struggle for power. In all of these, the women engaged in these unions were not only conscious about their political roles, but agents in the main historical events of this period.     

全球史观与近代早期世界史编纂

全球史是20世纪下半叶在美国兴起的一个史学流派,目前在西方乃至世界正在产生越来越大的影响。当今世界的全球化趋势、后现代学术的发展、东西方之间日益紧密的学术交流,是全球史产生的国际环境和学术背景。全球史以人类社会整体发展进程为叙述对象,超越西方史学以国家为单位的叙事传统,从学术发生学的角度颠覆“欧洲中心论”,以不同人群、社会、民族、国家之间的互动为切入点,开辟了考察世界历史的新视角,建立了编纂世界通史的新框架,具有鲜明的时代特点和理论启发性。但全球史忽视对各个社会内部发展动力的考察,表现出理论欠缺。“世界横向联系”历来是我国世界通史研究的薄弱环节,而全球史正好弥补我们的不足,因此在我国有重要的借鉴意义。笔者结合修订吴齐本(吴于廑、齐世荣主编的《世界史》)近代早期部分的工作,介绍在编纂世界通史过程中尝试借鉴全球史方法和理论的体会。