Bonapartist memory and republican nation-building: revisiting the civic festivities of the Second Empire

This article, based on extensive archive research, sets out to explore continuities between Bonapartism and republicanism, continuities which can be traced through the organisation of civic festivities in 19th-century France. Like the revolutionary regimes which preceded it, and the Third Republic which followed, the Bonapartist governments of the First and, especially, the Second Empire attached a great importance to these forms of political ceremonial, which sought to mobilise French citizens around key political and civic themes in order to forge a new sense of collective identity.     

汉文化的必然抉择--再论世界历史上的大清帝国

大清帝国创立时期,可供选择的文明有三个,即：伊斯兰文明、基督教文明和中华文明。清朝的统治者最终选择了汉文化,选择了中华文明,这有其必然性。在世界转向近代的大潮中,这一选择带来了大清帝国的盛世,也预伏了它的衰落。     

Approaches to the Roman Empire: A Perspective

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