Measurements of the electrode effect over flat,snow-covered ground

Space charge density profiles up to 3 m above ground were recorded with the Obolensky-filter method. A measuring technique with two instruments was used, where one reference instrument was placed on a fixed level and the other was moved up and down. The space charge difference between the reference and the actual level, and the correlation coefficient were calculated. From the analysis of the recordings, made under very similar atmospheric and ground conditions (snow-covered ground), we found strong evidence for the existence of the electrode effect. Very good agreement between the experimental results and theoretical calculations were observed.     

The potential gradient sunrise effect in atmospheric electricity

Experimental results are produced which show that the early part of the sunrise effect is apparently not related to variations in the temperature or humidity of the lower atmosphere. An electrode effect space charge layer tends to obscure rather than enhance the effect. The expected seasonal variation in the sunrise effect was not found. Two possible explanations of this are suggested.     

The effect of atmospheric screening on the visible border of noctilucent clouds

The noctiiucent cloud display of 10/11th July 1979 was observed from two sites in Scotland: Clinterty near Aberdeen, using a low light level TV camera, and Milngavie near Glasgow, using a photographic camera. Coincident observations of the display were made from 23.55 UT until 00.50 UT.By projecting the image of the noctilucent cloud structure as seen by one camera into the field of view of the other camera, the height of the clouds was found to be 82 ± 1 km. Using this result, the effect of atmospheric screening on the visible border of the noctilucent clouds was determined. Taking account of the refraction on the solar grazing rays illuminating the clouds at the visible border and the finite angular diameter of the sun's disc, the altitude of the screening layer was determined to be 7 ± 1 km. Thus, on this occasion, the screening effect of the atmosphere was confined to the troposphere and was probably caused by atmospheric haze and/or tropospheric cloud.This result contrasts markedly with the high values of screening height, ~ 30 km, deduced from measurements made earlier this century, also using the visible boundary of the clouds. The analysis presented herein indicates that these large values were probably in error, due to the poor dynamic range of the photographic films employed.     

圣洁的雪雕

<正>在天寒地冻的北国,不仅有漫天皆白的林海雪原,晶莹剔透的冰灯,还有圣洁曼妙的雪雕。在黑龙江省哈尔滨市的太阳岛公园,举办的国际雪雕大赛,引来世界各国的雪雕高手。他们各展身手,大显才华,创作出了精妙的雪雕作品,一时间成为了许多旅游者争相观赏的奇葩。由于,雪雕作品只能够在天气寒冷的条件下存在,所以,它们便成为了冰雪世界里受人青睐的景观。这也可以说是北国的一种稀有旅游     

醉游雪乡

<正>作为北方人,我对于雪并不陌生。打小就是在雪里头滚过来的嘛。记得小时候,嗖嗖的西北风把雪踅得一人多高,上面还有一层硬盖。我就在那上面打过滚的。后些年来,全球气候变暖,冬天也不那么冷了,雪也好像是减少了许多。     

思绪随雪飘飞

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琉璃世界白雪红梅

<正>终于风消雪停。雪后的阳光显得格外的灿烂,照在厚厚的积雪上耀得人眼花。初冬连天的大雪,让鸟儿们的食物开始告急,雪一停,它们便立马开始出来觅食。草丛里,雪地上,三三两两地,如同跳动的音符。棋盘山又开始恢复了灵秀。     

Fighting over friends and neighbors: The effect of inter-candidate geographic distance on intra-party competition

Previous studies on intra-party competition have largely neglected the role played by geographic distance between co-partisan candidates. In this study, we argue that candidates who live further away from intra-party competitors on the same party list benefit electorally from their remoteness. Moreover, we contend that the electoral effectiveness of exhibiting local personal vote attributes – a theoretically and empirically well-established candidate strategy to cultivate personal votes – also depends on the geographical proximity of localized co-partisan candidates. Using a unique and untapped dataset of more than 5,000 Finnish election candidates' home address coordinates over four consecutive parliamentary elections (1999–2011), we run beta regression models to examine the effects of candidate remoteness and nearest candidates' local characteristics on intra-party vote shares. To measure the remoteness of a particular candidate, we develop a novel index based on the distribution of co-partisans over concentric circles around that candidate. The empirical analyses show that the effect of geographic remoteness depends on local party strength and the degree of urbanization: candidates particularly benefit from more distant co-partisans in party strongholds and rural and suburban municipalities. Moreover, all models confirm that nearby located localized co-partisans decrease a candidate's own vote share. These findings have important implications for politicians' careers, party nomination strategies and future empirical research on intra-party competition.     

Ionospheric trends in mid-latitudes as a possible indicator of the atmospheric greenhouse effect

Using long-term ionosonde measurements in mid-latitudes (Juliusruh: 54.6°N, 13.4°E; 1957–1990), the first experimental hints of a decrease of the peak height of the ionospheric F2-layer were found. In contrast to that the long-term variations of the peak electron densities in the F2-layer, as well as the E-layer, are small. These results qualitatively agree with the predictions of Rishbeth [(1990) Planet. Space Sci.38, 945] who expected a lowering of the E- and F2-layer caused by a global cooling of the strato, meso- and thermosphere due to the increasing greenhouse effect.     

鸟类中的“大熊猫” 中华秋沙鸭惊现雪乡

<正>看了题目,你可能会觉得很是奇怪,鸟怎么与熊猫有关,而这鸟为何又叫鸭呢。看了这些图片和文字说明,你就会恍然大悟。     

国民政府对西藏的治理

作者就亲闻亲见的若干事例,说明在民国时期,国民政府对西藏实行了有效的管理;西藏地方政府对重大问题都向国民政府请示报告。     

The Battle over Brown's Legitimacy

Constitutional scholars have given few Supreme Court rulings the attention that they have lavished upon the celebrated decision in Brown v. Board of Education . Yet the literature of public law is surprisingly unedifying with regard to the process by which the desegregation decision achieved iconic status in American legal culture. Scholarly inattentiveness to the history of Brown's reputation is startling, given that southern politicians were not the only persons in 1954 to characterize the decision as a manifest instance of judicial legislation. Even persons sympathetic to desegregation conceded that the Justices had circumvented traditional legal constraints in rendering Brown . In the years immediately following the ruling, some scholars appealed to the notion of a "living Constitution" to defend Brown against charges that it conflicted with the original understanding of the Fourteenth Amendment and with the "separate but equal" doctrine that the Court had established in Plessy v. Ferguson . But critics, some of whom even accepted the concept of the "living Constitution," also challenged the Court's reading of social fact—that is, its claims regarding the inherent inequality of segregated schools—which supposedly justified judicial recognition of a right that conflicted with precedent and with the intentions of the Framers of the Equal Protection Clause.     

Space syntax analysis of Central Inuit snow houses

Space syntax is a graph-based theory used by architects to examine how the spatial layout of buildings and cities influences the economic, social, and environmental outcomes of human movement and social interaction. Archaeologists have explored this concept by analyzing how social structure is reflected in the spatial configuration of public and domestic architecture. In this paper, space syntax is used to examine the spatial morphology of snow houses built by three Central Inuit groups in the Canadian Arctic, based on ethnohistoric and ethnographic accounts. The results of this study demonstrate that variation in family structure and the behavioral directives present in Inuit kinship systems are reflected in the spatial configurations of snow house architecture. This has important implications for understanding how architecture might be used to identify enduring and changing patterns of household and community organization in the archaeological record.     

贵州旅游发展的战略思考

本在分析贵州旅游业发展现状及其潜能的基础上,根据贵州自然风光和民族化两大旅游资源的特点与价值,以唯一性、最优化为原则,重新思考贵州旅游宣传的形象定位。提出以喀斯特风光为依托、以夜郎化为纽带,实现资源重组和结构创新,打造名牌龙头产业,探寻贵州旅游发展战略的新思路。     

The nocturnal intermediate layer over South Georgia

Detailed analyses of ionograms from South Georgia (54°S, 37°W; L = 1.9) show that a nocturnal intermediate layer is frequently seen between the E- and F-regions in the height range 130–180 km. The occurrence of the intermediate layer is almost totally restricted to the winter months and between the local hours of 1930 and 2300. The intermediate layer event is characterized by a prior downward movement of the F-layer, followed by the formation of the intermediate layer and its subsequent drift downwards to about 140 km. Initially, the layer is thick (~ 10–20 km), but gradually thins as it evolves. The occurrence of the intermediate layer appears to be independent of the level of magnetic activity. Observations of intermediate layers from other localities, which are briefly reviewed, are compared with those made at South Georgia. Some similarities and differences are identified.Mechanisms which account for the formation of the intermediate layer at South Georgia are considered, It is shown that the main features of the diurnal and seasonal variations of occurrence can be adequately explained by the theory of convergence of ionization driven by the solar semi-diurnal tidal winds. Some limitations of this theory are discussed, as it cannot account for all the features seen at this southern midlatitude observatory.     

The dynamic F2-layer over Arecibo

The idealized ‘servo’ model of the ionospheric F2-layer, developed by Rishbeth, ganguly and Walker (1978), is used to simulate the observed behaviour of the daytime F2-peak at Arecibo for sunspot minimum. Taking the east-west electric field to be given by the observed plasma drift velocity perpendicular to the magnetic field, the theoretical equations are integrated using a trial-and-error approach to match the observed values of field-parallel plasma velocity, and the height and electron density of the F2-peak. From the calculation is determined empirically the meridional pressure-gradient force associated with the meridional neutral-air wind. The local time variation during the day is found to be consistent with the semidiurnal variation given by the MSIS atmospheric model of Hedinet al. (1977a, b), though with a phase shift that varies with season; on some days in the fall the pressure-gradient force displays a strong equatorward ‘surge’ in the evening. The values of F2-layer loss and diffusion coefficients needed to match the data are broadly consistent with the MSIS model. The analysis thus validates the MSIS model by way of ionospheric parameters quite independent of the data from which MSIS was originally derived.     

氮氧化物对文物的危害和变化规律

氮氧化物作为当前主要的空气污染物对文物的危害也越来越受到文物保护工作者的关注。本文介绍氮氧化物、由氮氧化物带来的二次污染物-光化学烟雾中的氧化剂(O_3和PAN)以及氮氧化物在气相或物体表面形成的气态HNO_3和酸雨中的液态HNO_3对各类文物的危害作用。API公司生产的200型NO_x分析仪对上海博物馆在龙吴路的库房和实验大楼周围环境中NO_x与时间、空间、气象等因素的关系进行了连续测定。结果表明:每天清晨6:00-9:00,傍晚15:00-17:30是NO_x的高峰时段;晴天NO_x浓度明显高于阴雨天气;此外,NO_x浓度与空间位置也密切相关。本结果为分析氮氧化物污染来源、选择文物进出或保护处理的适宜时段以及选择合适的检测位置提供参考。     

Geomorphology of snow avalanche impact landforms in the southern Canadian Cordillera

Snow avalanche impact landforms (SAILs) are typically elliptical-shaped depressions bounded by an arcuate ridge located at the base of avalanche paths. The geomorphology of these features is controlled by the topography of the avalanche path, the availability of unconsolidated debris in the impact area and the ability of the avalanche impacts to displace the available debris in the direction of avalanche flow. Ground-based snow avalanches move debris by bulldozing, and airborne snow avalanches move sediment by excavation on impact .
This paper reports on the geomorphology, and surface age and stability of three SAILs in the southern Canadian Cordillera. Dendrochronology and lichenometry were used to date geomorphic activity at the sites. Evidence of present SAIL stability suggests they result from episodic, high-magnitude avalanche impact events over many hundreds of years. All three landforms share common morphologies: a water-filled bowl-shaped depression distally bounded by an arcuate ridge-oriented transverse to the avalanche path. Despite sharing many attributes, field investigations revealed that the origin of each SAIL was a function of the local variations in snow avalanche path topography and availability of unconsolidated debris in the impact area. The snow avalanche path associated with the Blackhorn site has a gentle gradient, which suggests that this SAIL is a result of ground-based avalanches. The SAIL at Spoon Lake appears to be a consequence of a resistant geologic feature that focuses snow avalanches in the impact area and results in explosive excavation. The morphology of the snow avalanche track at Peyto Lake causes large snow avalanches to become airborne prior to impacting and excavating an impact pool. All three SAILs examined in this paper are historically persistent landforms and these observations support previous findings indicating that SAILs require hundreds of years to develop .