南阳东汉小磚券墓的发掘

1958年4月中旬,南阳市西北隔玄庙观西发現砖墓一座,保存較完整,茲将发掘情况略述于后: 墓室結构及随葬品的位置这座墓为一竪井土坑小砖券墓,墓长3.70、寬2.90米,墓室分前室和后室,前室长2.90、寬1.24米,没有頂券,只有东、西、北三墙,是放置殉葬器物的地方。后室分东、西两室,其間隔一界墙,后东室残損过甚,后西室砖壁保存完整,底部有棺木痕迹,頂部用砖券成弧形,砖长27、寬12、厚4厘米,东西两壁从墙底最下层砌二道平砖,再砌一     

长安凤栖原元墓建筑结构

一九八一年三月,西北电力建设局在长安县凤栖原施工中发现了一批古墓葬群。西安市文物局考古队配合施工清理了包括战国、秦、汉、隋唐以至元、明、清不同时代的古墓葬530座。计出土不同时代随葬器物1400多件。其中元代墓葬一座,除出土黑瓷器物残片13件外,其他随葬品全部被盗。但其墓砖室建筑结构及雕饰基本完好,具有一定特点。墓葬结构是由土坑竖穴墓道和砖券甬道、墓室三部分组成(图版叁:1)。墓室为八角形砖砌钻尖穹窿顶式建筑。穹窿顶全部倒塌,墓室内砖砌壁面保存基本     

结合热力学对古建筑墙体砖(雕)风化侵蚀机理探究

为了揭示古砖的风化侵蚀机理,采用X射线衍射法(XRD)、X射线荧光光谱法(XRF)、扫描电子显微镜观察(SEM)进行微观结构分析,结合压汞仪测试孔的性质,并使用热力学软件(HSC)对砖内的化学反应进行验证。研究结果表明:对于靠近地面一定高度内的古建筑墙体砖,地下水及离子通过砖内的毛细管网络不断向上部和表面进行迁移,在砖内可溶性盐类的结晶以及水结冰时产生的压力是造成墙体砖风化破坏的主要因素;对于NO X、SO 2浓度较高、酸雨较多的地区,酸性物质进入砖体并与钾长石,钠长石等发生反应形成新的盐类,盐的结晶、溶解、流失也是导致古砖破坏的一个不可忽略的因素,尤其是对于地下水无法渗透到的墙体砖,这些可能成为主要的物理化学损毁因素。本研究为古砖以后的保护提供了一种新的研究思路以及科学的理论基础。     

南京虎踞关、曹后村两座东晋墓

1983年6月和1984年4月,南京市博物馆在南京市鼓楼区虎踞关省公安厅基建工地、栖霞区曹后村南京汽车制造厂宿舍工地,清理了两座古墓。两座墓都保存较好,未受扰乱。现简报如下。一、虎踞关东晋墓此墓编号为83GHM1,位于南京城西清凉山一土丘的东南坡下,西距清凉山公园仅数百米(图一)。墓向152度。为砖室券顶墓,平面凸字形。甬道长0.95、宽1.05、高1.24米,墓室长4.05、宽1.33、高1.54米。墓室右壁和后壁各砌一长方形小龛,室内设砖砌祭台、棺床各一,地砖按人字形铺墁。墓壁用三顺一丁法砌筑三组,上面平砌起券。单砖平砌封门。墓砖分两种,一种为长方形,长0.29、     

山西襄汾县出土明洪武时期的木床

1978年2月,山西省襄汾县文化馆在永固公社南董大队配合农田基本建设,清理了一座古墓。墓为攒尖顶单室砖墓,平面形,长580、宽570厘米。除北壁下砌一砖床外,东西两壁下各砌出砖二层台。墓内人骨架十一具,出土器物六件。计白粗瓷碟一件,漆绘小"木棍"一根,自汉至明洪武铜钱二十二种六十二枚和铁棍、铁车(车川)等镇墓物三件。另有一张木床,置于北壁砖床之上,保存较好。特介绍于下:     

江西九江县东晋墓

1991年,江西九江县沙河街居民在陶渊明纪念馆西侧约50米的山坡上开荒种菜,于地表下发现一堆乱砖,挖出12件陶瓷器,当即送交县文管所。业务人员随即到现场察看,确认是一座坍塌的砖室古墓。后来补作了清理。清理情况简报如下。一、墓葬形制墓为东西向,砖室券顶结构,平面呈长方形,无通道。内长3．26、宽0．65米,底至顶高1．15米,顶至地表0．8米。券项前段坍塌,后段残长1．73米。整个墓室积满淤泥。墓室砌法：先于地表下挖一长坑,继铺人字形地砖一层,在地砖上砌垒墙体左右各18层,单砖平铺,错缝顺砌,黄泥勾缝;其中第7、第10、第1…     

中国古代砖砌体力学性能研究综述

古代砖砌体建筑由于材料劣化、环境影响,材料特性及力学性能均受到不同程度的影响和损伤,为了保护历史文化的载体,结合古建筑材料获取原始且必要的数据,系统总结了古砖、传统灰浆的制备工艺和材料性能,简要归纳了古砖、传统灰浆和古砖砌体基本力学性能及其测试方法,对比分析了单砖和砌体抗压强度的差异以及古建筑砌体材料力学性能研究现状。并对今后古砌体如弹性模量等力学性能、古砌体材料及结构的损伤机理等的研究提出了展望或建议,可为砖石古建筑的修缮保护提供参考依据。     

故宫墙体返碱问题初探

故宫古建筑修砌一新的墙体常析出大量白色盐粉,这种现象被称为"返碱"。大量出现的返碱现象不但大大影响了故宫建筑群的修缮效果和整体美感,而且造成了砖材表面的酥软、脱落的病害,甚至可能对墙体的稳定性与安全性造成了影响。因此,为了解决这个亟待处理的问题,分析研究其产生的原因就显得十分重要。本研究通过化学分析和各种现代仪器分析手段对故宫古建筑不同位置的返碱物质,不同产地、年代的青砖样品,灌浆材料样品,制砖原料、燃料的样品进行了定性和定量分析,证实墙体返碱物质主要成分为Na₂SO₄和K₃Na（SO₄）₂,并利用分析结果对产生这一现象的原因进行了初步探讨。     

河北省雄县祁岗村发现古代地道

1982年1月,河北省雄县县城东北约18公里处,社员打井时发现砖砌地洞。经省文物主管部门批准,5、6月间进行了试掘。试掘面积120平方米,在离地表深3.3米处发现砖砌券顶,暴露出一段地道。从这里发现内部有主道、藏身洞及内室(图一——三)。地道全用砖砌。砖长30、宽15、厚8厘米。主道高90、宽80厘米,东北走向。在三合土夯实的基础上单砖砌十一层,再起券而     

大同得胜堡石刻题记释读

得胜堡坐落于山西省大同市新荣区堡子湾乡得胜堡村中,北距长城墙体650米左右。现存堡城,平面略呈方形,南北长约500米,东西宽约400米。墙体包砖已经不存,所留土夯墙体保存基本完整,残高3-7米。堡城只在南墙中部设一门,砖券顶,拱内侧高5.7米,外侧高约4.5米,门道内侧宽4.3米,外侧宽约3.7米,长约14米。     

以糯米灰浆为代表的中国传统有机-无机复合灰浆研究进展和新发现

在中国数千年的建筑实践中,已发现许多具有中国特色的创造,其中以糯米灰浆为代表的中国传统有机-无机复合灰浆就是其中的一类。本文综述了自2007年以来相关研究的进展,包括：针对传统灰浆中有机残留物的化学检测和免疫分析技术的创新发展;全国252处古建筑遗址的1149个灰浆样品的检测结果及解读;糯米灰浆和桐油灰浆等传统胶凝材料固化作用机理及效果的实验验证;糯米灰浆研究成果对世界的影响及在世界复合材料历史上的地位;最近在新石器时代“白灰面”中新发现的有机添加物及相关溯源;传统糯米灰浆的改良研究及在文物保护工程中的应用情况等。这一系列的探索性研究不仅可为古建筑保护提供材料和技术,也为弘扬中华文明提供了鲜活的案例。     

缅甸蒲甘佛塔表面灰浆成分研究——以苏拉牟尼佛塔为例

本研究以缅甸蒲甘苏拉牟尼佛塔为研究对象,使用光学显微镜、扫描电镜、能谱分析仪、X射线衍射仪和显微红外光谱仪等科学仪器,对佛塔后期修复灰浆、外墙灰浆和壁画地仗的主要组成成分进行了深入研究。通过有机添加物、钙含量和泥沙质量比试验,详细探究了灰浆的制作工艺。结合试验结果和当地走访调查,揭示了缅甸蒲甘灰塑的传统工艺和材料。研究结果显示,苏拉牟尼佛塔灰浆主要由石灰、砂砾和泥组成,同时含有淀粉和蛋白质等有机添加剂。缅甸蒲甘地区的佛塔灰浆与我国传统的复合灰浆在制作工艺上存在相似之处,但也呈现明显区别。通过对灰浆制作工艺和材料的研究,有助于理解缅甸文化的独特之处,促进跨文化交流,并为佛塔的修复和技术研究提供重要参考资料。     

《考工记》“戈体已倨已句二病”新探

戈体援与胡夹角之大小直接关系到戈、戟的使用功效,其变化是戈、戟形制演变的一个重要方面。《考工记》指出了援与胡夹角过大或过小对戈、戟功能的危害,并提出"倨句外博"的技术要求。本文运用力学分析的方法,对"戈体已倨已句二病"进行阐述,并对已有注释进行分析。《考工记》"戈体已倨已句"是指戈的两种功用对其形制的要求。也是对青铜戈、戟形制演变规律的技术总结。     

旅游目的地形象结构与游客行为意图——基于潜在消费者的本土化验证研究

旅游目的地形象一般被认为是由认知形象、情感形象和总体形象构成的三维结构,是影响旅游行为的重要因素,但却很少有经验研究证明该结构及形象与旅游行为之间的关系。本研究以江苏周庄旅游形象为例,用结构方程分析（SEM）方法检验形象结构三维度之间的关系,以及目的地形象与游客行为意图的关系。研究发现：①认知形象对情感形象有较强的正向影响（路径系数=0．77）;②情感形象对总体形象有显著正向影响（路径系数=0．26）;③认知形象对总体形象有显著正向影响（路径系数=0．37）;④情感形象和总体形象对游客行为意图有显著正向影响（路径系数分别为0．33、0．14）,而认知形象对游客行为意图的直接影响不明显（路径系数=0．11）,情感形象对认知形象的影响未得到支持。研究证明了目的地形象三成分结构及其在中国文化背景下的适用性,以及情感形象是影响游客行为意图的最主要的形象成分。论文最后指出了本研究的意义、存在问题及对将来研究的建议。     

Radiocarbon Dating of Architectural Mortar: A Case Study in the Maya Region,Quintana Roo,Mexico

Abstract

The use of radiocarbon dating to analyze mortar and charcoal inclusions within mortar or plaster is a useful way to date the construction of architecture, particularly when options for other chronometric methods are limited. In the Yalahau region of northern Quintana Roo, Mexico, members of the Yalahau Regional Human Ecology Project have faced challenges in dating buildings made of large blocks of stone in the Megalithic architectural style. The Megalithic style poses serious problems for any analysis, as excavating into structures with stones weighing several tons can be dangerous, expensive, and time consuming. Additionally, there are no associated sculptures, texts with dates, or other traditionally accessible chronological markers. These factors have resulted in a reliance on a ceramic chronology despite the uncertainty of the dating of many ceramic types in this region, as well as the questionable contextual associations between recovered ceramics and architectural construction phases. Megalithic-style structures at the ancient Maya site of El Naranjal have residual mortar with charcoal inclusions left behind during the mortar-making processes that can be extracted and dated with AMS ¹⁴C methods. Several samples of mortar and charcoal were obtained from structures 1 and 10 from exposed exterior walls and an interior vault. The resulting dates confirm the date for the construction based on ceramics excavated from the same site.     

九连墩楚墓出土璧玉、石磬和镶嵌物的科学分析

本文采用X射线衍射技术和X射线荧光分析技术对九连墩楚墓出土的璧玉、石磬和镶嵌物进行了物相分析和成分分析。结果表明璧玉的主要成分为透闪石,石磬的主要成分为方解石。同时对镶嵌物的分析表明当时可能采用的是红铜镶嵌技术。这次分析为九连墩出土文物的复仿制和进一步的保护工作提供了科学依据。     

Wall Paintings from the Roman Emona (Ljubljana,Slovenia): Characterization of Mortar Layers and Pigments

This study concerns the investigation of mortar layers and pigments of wall paintings from the Roman town of Emona (Ljubljana, Slovenia). Fragments of wall paintings consist of up to three preserved mortar layers. The mineralogical–petrographic compositions of the mortars were determined by means of optical microscopy and FT–IR spectroscopy. The investigated samples were divided into several groups based on similar thicknesses of the mortar layer, the binder colour and the composition of an aggregate. Furthermore, the results of mercury intrusion porosimetry showed that mortar layers consisting of carbonate grains exhibited lower porosity with respect to layers with mainly silicate grains, which is attributed to the angular shapes of carbonate aggregate. This is in accordance with the drilling resistance measurement system test (DRMS), confirming that layers with angular carbonate grains are harder than those with addition of rounded silicate ones, due to the good packing effect. The wall paintings were mainly executed using the fresco technique, while for some details secco was used. The identified pigments were red and yellow ochre, green earth, Egyptian blue, carbon black and lime white; all of them belonged to the so‐called austere pigment, which is quite common in Roman wall paintings.     

Assessment of material characteristics of ancient concretes,Grande Aula,Markets of Trajan,Rome

The Grande Aula, or Great Hall, of the Markets of Trajan (AD 96 to 115) is an intact example of the domed, concrete architecture of imperial Rome. Petrographic, x-ray diffraction, chemical, and SEM analyses demonstrate that wall mortars contain Pozzolane Rosse volcanic ash aggregate (harenae fossiciae) and strätlingite, a complex calcium aluminate cement hydrate (C₂ ASH₈) that gives modern cements good durability and compressive strength. Specific gravity tests and a new petrographic method for assessing bulk densities indicate unit weights of about 1750 kg/m³ for the wall mortars and 1430–1640 kg/m³ for the pumice bearing, vaulted ceiling mortars. Innovative point load source tests record the tensile strengths (f_t) of the aggregate and interfacial elements of the conglomeratic concrete fabric. These suggest f_t of about 2.7 MPa for brick, 1.2 MPa for Tufo Lionato tuff, and 0.9 MPa for Tufo Giallo della Via Tiberina tuff coarse aggregate (caementa), based on a tentative, approximate correlation with splitting (Brazilian) tests. The pozzolanic mortar and interfacial zones have lower f_t in the range of 0.8 MPa to 0.5 MPa. The relatively low mortar strength and its somewhat tenuous adhesion to the coarse aggregate suggests that the caementa may have arrested the propagation of tensile microcracks that formed in the mortar, thereby increasing the composite tensile strength of the concrete. Roman builders selected the complex aggregate mixes to optimize the performance of the wall and vault concretes.     

Dating mortar by optically stimulated luminescence: A feasibility study

Quartz is the datable component in mortar. Although its luminescence properties are very well studied, the problem of mortar dating arises from a low level of optical bleaching. In order to reduce the time consuming efforts for dating lime mortar in monuments by optically stimulated luminescence, we investigated the most suitable methods of dose and dose rate determination, and we explored tests which are suitable to predict the datability of a given material. Reverting to the large number of publications on sedimentary partially bleached quartz we found linear modulation techniques especially useful, equally we also recommend the determination of the level of optical depletion before starting analyses. Single grain analysis is regarded as an ultimate but infallible tool to date very poorly bleached quartz from mortar. Dose rate measurements need to take into account the radioactive equilibrium of the uranium decay and the short range inhomogeneity of the environmental gamma radiation field: gamma spectrometry and on-site TLD measurements are best suited.