当代俄罗斯史研究的帝国视角探析北大核心

20世纪80年代以来,世界范围内的俄罗斯史研究出现了明显的“帝国热”倾向。这一热潮的出现,不能简单地归结为单一的学科发展趋势,其中也包含通过政治学、民族学、文化学、社会学、语言学、性别学等多学科视角进行的综合研究。在此背景下,史学研究的帝国化视角可以理解为脱离先前单一的民族国家桎梏,转向突出帝国的后殖民时代背景。新时期的俄罗斯帝国研究以“帝国范式”为主要分析工具,突破了原有的不适用于帝国研究的民族国家研究范式,帝国的“古老”叙事也在本质上突破了旧有的对历史上某一个时间节点、历史人物或者历史事件的碎片化理解,进而以跨学科的研究方式将帝国史研究置于多学科视角下。     

《苏联史学理论》前言、后记

前言 一位俄国历史学家在回顾他的国家的历史学在本世纪的发展时,不无感慨地说:“在不到一个世纪的时间里,我国的史学有两次不能哪怕在某种程度上预见那从根本上震憾国家的戏剧性事件;不论是19世纪末—20世纪初的俄国自由主义史学……,还是以马克思主义方法论武装的苏联历史科学,都不能预见那些导致国家制度和社会制度根本改变、甚至国家面貌本身根本改变的事件的发展。”这里撇开不说俄国自由主义史学不能预见1917年推翻沙皇专制制度的二月革命和建立苏维埃制度的十月革命这个问题,它同本书的关系不大。需要简单说一下的是后一个问题,即苏联历史科学不能预见1991年底苏联解体的问题。     

帝国论与俄罗斯帝国的形成及其特点

20世纪是"帝国崩溃的世纪",国内外学者们对帝国学和帝国的关注度逐渐提高。本文将立足于帝国学的角度,分析帝国的类型,并考察苏联的前身——俄罗斯帝国的形成过程及其特点,指出俄国斯帝国是一个中央集权的强大的非殖民帝国,在自身社会发展过程中结合了东方专制制度和欧洲专制主义的特性,是各民族团结的典范。     

17世纪俄国索哈税制的废除

俄国历史上的索哈税制是彼得大帝实行人头税以前,国家最重要的直接税税制,其对俄国赋税和土地分配制度的发展影响极为深远。以索哈税制不仅是农村的征税基础,而且是城市工商区的征税基础。以索哈册为基础的索哈税制在16世纪下半期最终形成,在当时满足国家经济发展的需要,但其遭到16世纪末至17世纪初俄国出现的大动乱和对外战争的严重破坏。从而注定了它最终被废弃的命运。     

20世纪中国近代史学科体系问题的探索

中国近代史作为20世纪中国历史学的一个重要分支学科,是中国近代社会转型和学术转型的产物。在几代学探索、争鸣的基础上。确立了以半殖民地半封建社会大约110年的中国历史作为中国近代史学科的研究对象。这种认识,是在马克思主义基本原理指导下得出的。是以对近代中国的社会经济形态与近代中国的社会性质的考察为出发点的,是符合近代中国历史进程的科学的学科体系。运用现代化理论研究近代中国的历史。具有一定的积极意义,但简单地以“现代化范式”替代“革命史范式”,未必是正确的思考方向。近代中国的时代基调是革命,中国近代史上的政治、经济、军事、化思想、社会变迁,以及中外关系的处理,区域发展,少数民族问题,阶级斗争的状况,无不或多或少与革命的进程相联系。中国近代史学科体系只能在“革命史范式”主导下,兼采“现代化范式”的视角,更多关注社会经济的发展与变迁及其对于革命进程的作用,使“革命史范式”臻于完善。这是我们今天需要努力的。     

中国俄国史研究百年检视与思考

中俄交往始于蒙古西征和金帐汗国时代(1238-1480年),中国学人撰写俄国史自1878年刊印的鹭江奇迹人的《俄国志略》,到今天已经有整整140年的历史。中国的俄国史学科伴随民族命运、国家危机以及世界形势的变化而生,自诞生之日起即负有学人情怀、民族重任和学术职责三重使命。因此,俄国史学科在中国一直发挥着“知夷”和“盗火”的两大作用。中华人民共和国成立后,俄国史(包括苏联时期和俄罗斯联邦时期)研究获得了70年的巨大发展,主要成就有:1985年中国苏联东欧史研究会成立(1992年英文更名为中国俄罗斯东欧中亚史研究会),高等院校、社会科学院、党校、国家有关部委及党政机构纷纷设立俄国史或俄罗斯问题研究机构,建立了从历史学学士、俄国史硕士到俄国史博士的三级专业人才培养体系,俄国史和俄罗斯问题研究的专业期刊创立并连续出版,大量的俄国通史、中俄(中苏)关系史、专题著作、各类教科书、翻译著作(来自俄文、英法、法文、德文、波兰文等)出版,中国俄国史学者积极参与国际学术会议和国际合作研究,具有中国特色的中国“俄罗斯学”新学科正在建立过程中。     

18—19世纪俄国公社的结构及其演变

18——19世纪是俄国公社发展的重要阶段。在此阶段,俄国公社经历了许多变化,但它的组织结构始终是稳定的。直至20世纪初,俄国公社仍为俄国农村占统治地位的基层组织。其原因何在?笔者拟略抒管见。在马克思看来,俄国“农业公社所固有的二重性”构成了“它的强大的生命力的源泉”。随着16——17世纪俄国农村大片土地或被封建主分割占有或被沙皇政府作为封地和     

意大利文艺复兴艺术家与近代科学革命——以达芬奇和布鲁内勒斯基为中心

欧洲近代科学在方法论、理论形式和宇宙观上区别于欧洲古典科学和其他文明的前现代科学。库恩曾用范式革命来概括欧洲近代科学变革。为什么这种以实验和数学方法而著称的范式在17世纪欧洲出现?这个问题从科学史在20世纪初成为一门学科时就受到关注,几乎每一部科学史都要触及。研究中世纪科学史的著名学者皮埃尔·杜海姆认为:笛卡尔、伽利略和牛顿科学的许多基     

探索“夹缝空间”:红海史研究的演进

以海洋为中心的红海史研究方兴未艾。不同时期人群有关红海的知识是红海史研究的重要前提。18世纪中叶到20世纪初,欧美学界的红海史研究发展出多样化的研究议题。20世纪30年代以来,受总体史与环境史启发,红海史研究的视角发生转换,红海从“历史背景”变成“历史主体”。20世纪90年代之后,在全球史观影响下,学界对陆地史观的反思促进了“新红海史”研究。研究者基于全球、区域与国家三重视角提出了从“联通”到“流动”的红海史、作为“网络”的红海史、“红海人”的身份构建等问题,在创新红海史研究范式的同时,探索了红海史学科发展方向。     

20世纪90年代初“过渡时期”的俄罗斯史学

一般来说,史学比自然科学更受制于社会的变动和意识形态状况。20世纪90年代初的俄罗斯历史学较之其他学科更大程度上承受了国家巨变的后果,许多特征反映出所处"过渡时期"的时代影响。这一时期的俄罗斯史学不仅承载了苏联解体的所有社会反映,而且折射出俄罗斯的历史科学发展方向。其领域的"档案革命"、"教育革命"与"方法论革命"三个方面相互交织相互作用,共同构建着历史学的总体变局。     

Russia,China, and the universalism of modernity: the “Account of the Reforms of Peter the Great” by Kang Youwei

ABSTRACT

This paper analyzes a short essay by Kang Youwei (1858–1927) – one of the intellectual and political protagonists of late imperial and early Republican China. In it, he interpreted the historical experience of Russian modernization under Peter the Great (1672–1725) and used it as a “success story” for the renewal of Chinese monarchical institutions. It was written in 1898 and presented to the Manchu throne under the title “Account of the Reforms of Peter the Great”, and for our purposes will be the departing point for a “global intellectual circuit” through which the following questions will be addressed: Why was seventeenth and eighteenth century Russia considered as a model for China by the author? How did he manage to adapt the historical experience of Russia into a social and political conceptual framework for China? What was Kang’s historiographical method, and what kind of philosophy of history framed his reflections? What does this short essay tell us about Kang’s view on “Westernization”, on the concept of “modernity” itself, and on its use for historiographical purposes?     

Continuity and Discontinuity in the Historical Development of Modern Psychopharmacology

In the middle of the twentieth century psychiatry underwent a transition that is often referred to as the “psychopharmacology revolution.” Implicit in the term revolution is the idea that a paradigm shift occurred. Specifically, it has been argued that psychiatry abandoned the psychoanalytic paradigm in favor of a qualitatively distinct conceptual system based on brain chemistry. The validity of this view requires that psychoanalysis had the status of a paradigm. This paper presents evidence that psychoanalysis did not constitute a paradigm and that the advent of psychopharmacology was not, technically, a scientific revolution. Instead, the rise of modern psychopharmacology was the culmination of a linear growth of biological knowledge that began to develop in the nineteenth century.     

Chinese Objects in Eurasian Empire: On the Cultural Meaning of Chinese Art in Russia in the Late 17th–Early 18th Centuries

This article examines special features of “Chinoiserie” or “Chinese fashion” (“Kitaischina”) in Russia from the late 17th to the early 18th century: The reign of Peter the First. It discusses this cultural phenomenon’s historical origins, demonstrates the role of Chinese luxury goods and art objects in the era’s Russo-Chinese cultural exchange, and illustrates how Chinese decorative arts were used in Russian palaces. While Chinoiserie in Russia was influenced by similar trends in Western Europe, it was rooted in the unique history of regular contacts between Russia and the Qing Empire. Chinese objects not only appeared as commodities in the higher levels of Russian society, they also contributed to the prestige of the Russian state. Peter the First had a political purpose behind the collection, display and imitation of Chinese art objects in Russian palaces, as these practices demonstrated the growing wealth and power of newly established Russian Empire, which enjoyed trade connections with the Qing Empire. While contemporary perceptions of China in Russia were derived mostly by the exotic images of export art, ethnographic collections of genuine Chinese utensils, which were founded during that period, also contributed to Russian views of China. This research uses a comprehensive methodology, combining studies of material objects preserved in Russian museums and written sources, including archival records.     

SEEING SPATIAL STRUCTURES: ON THE ROLE OF VISUAL MATERIAL IN THE MAKING OF THE EARLY QUANTITATIVE REVOLUTION IN GEOGRAPHY

This article examines the role that visual material played in the early years of the quantitative revolution in Anglophone geography. It is part of a larger project that attempts to write a history of geography's scopic regimes in the twentieth century and draws on post‐positivist approaches to the history of science. It is argued that there are a number of strategic as well as theoretical reasons for such a reliance on images in the quantitative revolution. Some reasons are unique to the quantitative revolution in geography, some resemble a more general way in which paradigm shifts take place in science and some are located outside of academia. This article is primarily interested in the internal view on the geography of the quantitative revolution and its rationalities. The paper departs from Christaller's hexagon, as one of the most influential and iconic. It then broadens the view to include a much wider range of visual material, arguing for some more general observations on the use of images in geography during the early quantitative revolution. It is argued that there was a significant shift of forms and functions of visual material. Overall, it is argued, visual material gained in importance and while geography was getting “thinner” and more abstract, its role in making visual arguments became stronger. From being merely an aid for seeing, visual material became a prime carrier of knowledge.     

Stumbling towards Empire: The Shanghai Local Post Office,the Transnational British Community and Informal Empire in China, 1863–97

In the second half of nineteenth century, a small transnational British and foreign community grew up in the treaty ports scattered along China’s coast, a community literally caught between the great inner Asian empire of the Manchu Qing and British-dominated informal empire in Asia. Although scholars often contend that few major developments occurred in the foreign sector of the treaty port world until the very end of the nineteenth century, this article joins recent revisionist scholarship seeking to better understand the growth of this transnational treaty port community through a study of the Shanghai Municipal Council’s local post office in the context of informal empire prior to the rise of muscular Chinese nationalism in the early twentieth century.

As an institutional history of the virtually unknown local post office, this article is a study of the decades-long process by which the foreign settler community of Shanghai slowly built up the administrative capacity, trading networks and communications infrastructure of informal empire and semi-colonial order in the nineteenth-century treaty ports. The history of the local post office is largely unknown not because of its insignificance, but because we have not paid enough attention to the institutions that facilitated the emergence of transnational expatriate and settler communities throughout the world of British informal empire and the global and local influences that shaped them.     

“Neptune to the Common-wealth of England” (1652): the “Republican Britannia” and the continuity of interests

ABSTRACT

In the seventeenth century, John Kerrigan reminds us, “models of empire did not always turn on monarchy”. In this essay, I trace a vision of “Neptune’s empire” shared by royalists and republicans, binding English national interest to British overseas expansion. I take as my text a poem entitled “Neptune to the Common-wealth of England”, prefixed to Marchamont Nedham’s 1652 English translation of Mare Clausum (1635), John Selden’s response to Mare Liberum (1609) by Hugo Grotius. This minor work is read alongside some equally obscure and more familiar texts in order to point up the ways in which it speaks to persistent cultural and political interests. I trace the afterlife of this verse, its critical reception and its unique status as a fragment that exemplifies the crossover between colonial republic and imperial monarchy at a crucial moment in British history, a moment that, with Brexit, remains resonant.     

Excerpts from Tables of Contents of other Translation Journals

The Russian conquest of Siberia was one of the great feats of history, bringing almost one-tenth of the landmass of the world under the control of the Russian Empire. This paper proposes a framework for examining the role of Siberia in the development of the Russian state and the evolution of the world economy from the sixteenth to early twentieth century. This study supports the contention that, rather than representing an interesting aside in the annals of European imperialism, Russian colonization of Siberia was not only affected by European colonialism and the European-based capitalist world economy, but, in fact, was part of it Moreover, the conquest and consolidation of Siberia is viewed as a “series of changing geographies,” over space and time, as it was affected by and in turn affected the rise of Russian nationalism and the development of European capitalism. The three-part framework for analysis suggested in this study employs (1) a world-systems model, (2) a multi-disciplinary approach, and (3) cross-cultural comparison.     

Imperial versus National Discourse: The Case of Russia

Abstract. It is inaccurate and misleading to apply the term ‘nationalism’ to Russia prior to the present day. Both Tsarist and Soviet leaders sought to maintain an empire and not a nation‐state, and their national consciousness was imperial rather than national. The lack of Russian nationalism was crucial for Russian history since it explains the failure of both Tsarist Russia and the Soviet Union. Modern societies cannot be successfully constructed upon the basis of imperial thinking. The absence of Russian nationalism also has significance for nationalism theory. Russia possessed the social, political and cultural characteristics that have been adduced as ‘causes’ of nationalism by a wide variety of scholars, yet Russia failed to develop a nationalist movement. This suggests that what is crucial to modem nationalism is the appearance of a particularist, secular ideology, since the most notable aspect in which Russia differed from Europe was Russia's universalistic, religious and imperialist discourse of national identity.     

The Science of Empire: Darwinism,Human Diversity,and Russian Physical Anthropology

Summary : The article explores deployment of the Darwinian narrative of the “natural history of humanity” in Russian physical anthropology in the late nineteenth to the early twentieth century. It traces two narratives developed by the leading Russian school of physical anthropology: one narrative advanced a universalist vision of collective scholarly enterprise working toward clarifying the missing links in the a priori accepted developmental evolutionary model. The other constructed a new language that undermined the idea of species/subspecies/races/nations/ as stable, externally bounded, and internally homogeneous units and attempted to rationalize imperial hybridity. The article's main focus is on the latter classificatory narrative, its relational methodology, and the protostructuralist units of comparison that it produced.