党的民族政策与西部大开发

中国共产党作为中国人民根本利益的代表,素来十分重视西部少数民族问题。党和国家几十年来制定了一系列帮助西部少数民族发展经验、改善生活的方针、政策与法律、法规。党的三代领导集体都十分重视和关心西部少数民族地区和民族问题,并且在不同的历史时期作出了许多重要论述和指示。在西部大开发中,应当把中央给予西部的优惠政策和党的民族政策有机地结合起来,不断创新,促进西部民族地区的发展进步。     

西部大开发与民族地区政策支持

西部民族地区经济发展是西部大开发的重要组成部分。而西部民族地区特殊的经济社会发展条件和现状,决定了必须采取特殊的政策支持,才能加快其发展步伐。     

中西部开发与民族区域自治法治问题探微——以延边、恩施、湘西3个州为例

在我国现阶段,区域问题与民族问题常常交织在一起。以延边、恩施、湘西3个州为例,它们不属于西部地区,却能“享受”西部开发的待遇。国家西部大开发政策给各少数民族地区带来了难得的发展机遇,与此同时,各民族区域自治地方也面临立法困境,由于受到各种地方利益、民族利益特别是政策因素的影响,其内部非法治化倾向不断凸现。实施西部大开发战略与加强民族区域自治,亟待重构民族区域自治地方立法机制,改革审批程序,推进立法进程,必须规制政府行为,促使政策法律化,把西部大开发战略与法治方略有机结合起来。要吸收有益经验,优化法治环境,增强西部少数民族地区自我发展能力。     

改革开放以来我国民族区域自治制度的发展和实践

随着具有历史意义的中共十一届三中全会的召开 ,我国的民族区域自治工作进入了一个新的发展时期 ,不但全面恢复了民族工作机构 ,而且重申了过去行之有效的各项民族政策。以江泽民为核心的党的第三代领导集体继承了党的第一代、第二代领导集体关于民族区域自治的理论和实践经验 ,认为民族区域自治是我国解决民族问题的一大政治优势 ,具有旺盛的生命力。从民族地区发展的角度来看 ,西部大开发 ,实际上就是西部民族地区的大开发。随着西部大开发战略构想的逐步实施 ,民族地区必将迎来其发展史上新的历史性机遇 ,将进一步印证我国民族区域自治制度的巨大优越性     

对发展少数民族经济的思考

少数民族地区的经济长期落后是困扰中国经济社会持续发展的重大问题。因此,大力发展少数民族地区经济,促进各民族地区经济的协调发展,已经成为中国的一个重大战略问题。国家面向西部少数民族地区实施的西部大开发战略也有源于此,我们要以加快基础设施建设、加大政策扶持力度、发展民族特色产业、培养引进各类人才为少数民族地区经济发展的突破口,充分发挥后发优势,实现民族地区生产力的跨跃式发展。     

西部民族地区图书馆的数字化信息资源建设

西部是我国少数民族聚居最多的地区,民族文化多姿多彩。西部民族地区图书馆深入开发西部民族文献资源,可以为这里的少数民族提供更好的发掘民族文化精髓以及相互交流、共谋发展的条件,为西部地区的经济和文化发展提供更有力的文献资源支撑,更好地服务于西部大开发战略。本文立足西部民族地区实际,提出了数字化信息资源建设的原则、思路及应处理好的几个问题。     

浅议民族地区档案管理人员素质

随着西部大开发、国家挟持藏区发展政策的进一步落实,档案事业在促进民族地区经济和社会文化发展中的作用也日益凸显。如何提高档案人员素质,充分运用现代信息管理技术为民族地区档案事业发展服务就显得尤为重要,文章分析了当前民族地区档案管理人员的素质现状,并就如何进一步提升档案人员素质提出建议。     

发挥产业集群效应推动西部经济发展

本文介绍了中国东部地区成功发展产业集群经济的基本经验,指出西部地区产业集群效应低下是经济发展缓慢、经济效益不高的重要原因,进而提出了相应的政策建议。     

西部大开发与民族区域自治制度

西部大开发,是党中央、国务院在新世纪之初所作出的重大战略部署。十年来,我国西部大开发战略的实施有力地促进了西部地区特别是西部民族地区的经济社会发展。而作为处理我国民族问题基本制度的民族区域自治制度,也为西部大开发战略的顺利实施以及促进西部民族地区的发展提供了坚强的制度保障。     

新时期西部民族地区人才资源开发研究

随着国家向西开放战略的快速推进,西部民族地区将迎来全新的发展机遇。进一步强化人才资源开发将成为西部民族地区实现赶超战略的必由之路。本文从多维视角对民族地区人才队伍建设进行了理论检视,并全面阐述了当前人才资源开发面临的诸多困境,最后指出西部民族地区人才资源开发的战略路径。     

A centralised market orientation: the implicit determinants of Finnish cultural policy in 1990–2010

This article examines the reactions of Finnish cultural policy to the neoliberal turn in its societal environment. The analysis of cultural policy documents in 1990–2010 concentrates on three particular elements of societal change: the reforms in public management, the reorientations in international relations and the paradigm of immaterial production. It is argued here that besides the mythical democratic pluralism of the Nordic welfare states, cultural policy treats newcomers to the political arena selectively. Consequently, the system, constructed originally for protecting free artistic expression and equal distribution of cultural possibilities, has been in the front line of political market orientation in Finland. The orientation is modelled rhetorically after the ideas of cultural pluralism and economic efficiency; in practice, the fight has been a technocratic one between different notions of governmental responsibilities. This mechanism stresses formal procedures at the expense of ad hoc negotiations, leading to a centralised market orientation.     

转型期乡村多功能性及景观重塑

本文以全球化为背景,阐述了基于乡村发展多功能性和景观功能的概念。乡村多功能概念的兴起,为重新审视乡村地域自力发展带来一种机会,而乡村景观多功能可能是塑造乡村地域多功能的潜在动力和机制。构建乡村景观多功能的目的,主要在于保护和改善农村环境,以维持生物多样性之生态功能和作为旅游和特色文化场所的社会－经济功能,以及传承历史之文化功能。对于现阶段转型中的乡村,应该妥善规划和运用并积极重塑景观的多重功能。通过乡村多功能和景观重塑之讨论,可以为乡村地域景观重塑规划实践策略提供一种新视角。     

Mixed-use ‘regeneration’ of employment land in the post-industrial city: challenges and realities in London

This article explores the relationships between land-use planning, property and economic development, with a focus on the changing attitudes towards employment land in post-industrial cities. Drawing on case study data from two London local authorities, it finds that planning authorities are moving away from protecting employment land to actively promoting the mixed-use redevelopment of employment sites, even when there are thriving businesses on these sites and a shortage of supply of employment premises and land, relative to demand. We examine the drivers for changing policy including the national and regional policy contexts, housing targets, the influence of austerity measures, rise of Neighbourhood Planning and changing conceptions of regeneration and the role of housing therein. The article highlights the complex task faced by local planners and the tensions involved in simultaneously finding sites for housing, fostering economic development and promoting mixed-use redevelopment in planning policy and decisions. We find that changes in policy are fuelling speculation for housing development on sites occupied by viable businesses, supporting rather than responding to deindustrialization. This is leading to a gap between aspirations for delivering mixed-use environments on hitherto employment sites and realities on the ground.     

U.S. Foreign Policy and the Arab Spring: Balancing Values and Interests

The rapid and unpredictable changes in the Middle East collectively known as the “Arab Spring” are posing tremendous challenges to U.S. policy formation and action. This article will explore and evaluate evolving U.S. policy in the Middle East and its potential implications. There has always been a tension in American foreign policy between pursuing American “values” (foreign policy idealism) and protecting American “interests” (foreign policy realism). For decades, the United States has sought to “make the world safe for democracy,” while at the same time often supporting repressive, nondemocratic regimes because of national security or economic self‐interest. The tension between these two fundamentally distinct policy orientations has become even more pronounced as the United States tries to respond to the Arab Spring uprisings. Why did the United States actively support the rebels in Libya but not the protestors in Syria or Bahrain? Is there an emerging, coherent “Obama Doctrine” on intervention in Arab countries, or was Libya just a “one‐off” event? These are some of the questions that this article will attempt to answer.     

TOD对北京市居民通勤影响及其机制研究

TOD被广泛认为是一种可持续城市发展模式,同时对于促进绿色交通也具有重要意义。但是,学术界对TOD的交通影响研究仍然存在争论。本文以北京为例,通过实际调查,采用定量研究方法,对地铁站周边居住居民的通勤出行方式进行了研究。在控制了居民社会经济属性和出行距离等因素的情况下,回归分析结果表明,地铁站周边地区的土地利用混合度、接驳公交服务、模式通勤时效等对居民通勤出行方式具有显著影响。高土地混合度和便捷交通接驳服务能够提高居民选择公交或非机动出行的比例;由于各模式时效差异,长距离通勤的居民更加倾向于选择地铁出行。同时,TOD模式能够提高需求出行导向的居民绿色通勤的可能性。     

Agenda-Setters and Policy Influentials: Results from the Victorian Agendas Project

The Victorian Agendas Project (1991-93) used a snowball sampling method to produce annual peer-nominated lists of agenda-setters and policy influentials in six policy fields: economic policy, health, welfare, transport, education and the environment. Three hundred and fifty-six interviews were conducted with 214 influentials over the three-year period. Respondents identified high-priority issues and policy options on their current and future agendas. This paper deals with the question of who the agenda setters/policy influentials were. Was there evidence of a dominant elite or elites (e.g. business and banking elites) whose influence ranged across policy fields, or was there a more pluralist pattern in which influentials tended to 'specialise' in particular fields? How substantial was the turnover among influentials when the Liberal-National coalition government replaced Labor in 1992?     

Why Are Some Policy Agendas Larger than Others?

Most research on policy agendas is based on the assumption that space on the agenda is fixed and, hence, focuses on how problems compete for this limited agenda space. This article holds that policy agendas may be limited but not fixed, meaning that problems may not always be traded off but confronted through a larger policy agenda. Based on an extensive collection of local council agendas from 98 Danish municipalities over time, this article investigates variations in agenda size across local governments and examines the extent to which this reflects the local problem environment. The analysis reveals that a large council agenda arises in response to an unfriendly problem environment, particularly if there are many committees to channel problems onto the agenda and, to a lesser extent, if center‐left parties hold office.     

中共三代领导集体全球战略观的演变

建国以来 ,中共三代领导集体根据国际战略形势的变化发展 ,提出不同时期的全球战略思想 ,毛泽东依据世界格局的变化 ,提出了三个世界理论 ,并从战略高度及时调整了我国的内外政策 ;邓小平分析了当代世界格局的新变动 ,提出了和平与发展是时代主题的理论 ,进一步调整了中国的外交政策 ;江泽民分析了我国改革开放和现代化建设的新国际环境 ,提出了“争取一个长期的和平国际环境”的战略方针 ,开创了面向新世纪的外交新局面。从建国初期的“一边倒”战略到六七十年代的“一条线”战略 ,从“一条线”战略再到 80年代确立的不当头、不结盟的战略方针 ,中共三代领导集体的全球战略观有着内在的密切联系 ,即都始终坚持了独立自主和反对霸权主义 ,维护世界和平的原则立场。表明了中国共产党人深邃敏锐的世界历史眼光和对世界历史进程的自觉把握。     

实施区域倾斜政策逐步缩小我国地区经济发展差距

本文根据区域政策在地区经济发展和地区差距变动中的作用,提出应当对我国中西部地区实施区域倾斜政策,以实现控制地区相对差距不再扩大的第一步目标和地区绝对差距逐渐缩小的第二步目标。指出这一区域倾斜政策应当是一个兼顾效率与公平的区域政策,是一个向重点地区和重点领域倾斜的区域政策,是一个包括经济优惠、社会公平和生态补偿等方面手段的区域政策。     

What Can the State Do for You?

It has been suggested that Swedish policy during the early post-war period was strongly directed towards mobility-increasing expenditures – most notably relocation allowances – aimed at moving labour from north to south. While this view has dominated the academic discussion on labour market policy, there is little direct evidence. We make three claims. First, the relocation allowances have to be evaluated against the regional policy. Second, by doing so we show that the mobility-oriented policy was predominant only for a short period of time: in the early 1970s, there was a decisive shift towards a policy directed at stimulating employment in the north. Third, drawing on this, we revaluate the previous view on policy making in Sweden. Our analysis suggests that the Social Democratic government acted in a voter-maximizing way. The relocation allowances were introduced at the behest of the Trade Union Confederation (LO). The regional subsidies were expanded when voter sentiment turned against the perceived depletion of rural regions. However, this strategy interacted with the political and institutional environment. The new election law in 1970 and political competition from the Centre Party pushed the Social Democrats to shift their policies on regional subsidies.