广汉三星堆遗址环境考古调查

一、前言考古学研究是通过调查和发掘所获得的各种资料进行综合分析,阐明人类历史发展的规律。进入二十世纪以来,随着自然科学技术的飞速发展,它们在考古学中的应用也更为广泛,取得了许多显著的成果。通过现代的科学技术手段,对古代遗迹和遗物的成分、原料来源、制造工艺、年代等进行考察测定和分析,可以得到更多的过去单凭直观观察和传统技术所无法或不能充分了解的古代社会信息,为正确判断和解释古代社会历史提供了科学根据。如果说考古学研究主要是探索人类及人类社会历史发展的规律,那么．环境考古学则是着重研究古代的气候、地…     

动物考古学中的昆虫研究

《动物考古学中的昆虫研究》是一篇动物考古学研究新领域的介绍文章。考古研究显示,昆虫与古代人类生活的关系十分密切,田野考古发现的一些特殊的遗迹现象或遗物可能与人类利用昆虫的行为有关。昆虫遗存是动物考古学的研究对象之一,对此可以进行多方面研究,如复原古气候和古环境,古生物的地理分布,遗迹形成的时间,遗址埋藏的过程,古代人类的生活水平和驯养家畜的行为,等等。在我国已经开始从动物考古学的角度对昆虫遗存进行研究,例如,在青海大通长宁遗址的浮选结果中就出现了炭化的昆虫遗骸。     

考古学和人类学的再认识

一、考古学的量新阐释 在我国,考古学被认为属于社会科学,它是历史学的一个分支,以古代人类活动遗留下来的遗物、遗址为主要研究对象,再从已寻找到的实物史料中去研究人类社会的演变发展过程,客观地阐明古代人类生存的特定的时空、环境以及在此基础上所形成的文化行为,尽可能准确地去确定不同文化之间的某个环境中的相互关系。简而言之,就是研究人类过去的物质文化。从更深层次的意义上来讲,考古学最根本的目标是要确定古代人类文化历史长河中各文化之间的源流关系、演化过程及其自身的发展规律。唯有认清楚这些十分复杂、细微     

为什么生态学需要考古学家,考古学需要生态学家

<正>考古学是一门从物质遗存来研究古代人类历史、生活方式以及社会变迁的学科,而生态学则关注影响人类或其他生物个体和种群外部因素的学科。考古学与生态学是在20世纪中叶才被考古学研究视为一种常规方法,其先声就是美国考古学家布雷德伍德和马克尼什分别在伊拉克和墨西哥进行的农业起源多学科研究。根据文化生态学的理论,越是原始的文化受生态环境的影响越大。因此了解古代人群的生存、技术、经济和社会结构,就必须了解他们所生活的环境。环境考古和生态物(ecofact)的收集和分析在我     

谈考古学的学术定位

谈到考古学的学术定位,大家一般都会认为是一个没有疑义的问题。比如南京大学版的《中国考古学通论》认为,考古学属于人科学,是历史科学的重要组成部”。河南大学版的《中国考古学通论》指出,考古学是根据古代人类留下来的实物资料,以研究人类古代社会历史的一门科学。夏鼐先生也认为,考古学和献探索为基础的狭义历史学     

中国古代宫城考古学研究的几个问题

考古学是通过人类活动的遗迹、遗物来研究历史。考古学分为史前考古学与历史考古学,古代都城是历史考古学的主要内容和对象,都城是国家的历史缩影,是国家的政治中心,宫城是都城的政治中枢。基于上述情况,历史考古学以都城考古学为重点,都城考古学中又以宫城考古学最为重要。中国考古学的大规模田野考古始于本世纪20年代末的殷墟考古发掘,近七十年来,考古工作者在中国古代都城(包括宫城)考古调查、勘探和发掘方面进行了大量工作,如河南偃师二里头遗址、偃师商城遗址、郑州二里     

地震考古——用考古学方法介入地震科学研究

考古学是研究过去人类社会遗留下来的遗存物,并通过这些物化的人类活动证据,观察、研究和复原古代人类化的发展与社会的发展。考古学从来就十分注重相关的自然遗存与人类化遗存的关系。考古可以发现各种各样不同类型的古代遗存现象,这些现象既可能是化的也可能是自然的。这些现象还有可能涉及人与自然的各个方面。通过考古发现的自然现象,也一定能够与人类化现象相关联。人与自然的关系,在考古学研究中可以得到比较充分的展示,这也是考古发现和考古学研究的一个尤为突出的特点。     

浅谈考古学在历史研究中的意义

考古学是通过发掘和调查古代人类的遗迹遗物和文献来研究古代社会的一门人文科学。传统上,考古学是文化人类学的一门分支学科,但是现在它越来越独立,成为了一门独立的学科。     

新考古学论纲

考古学(Archaeology)一词源于古希腊文,意即研究古代或古代事物的一门科学.17世纪后,其涵义稍有改变,指对含有美术价值的古物和古迹进行的研究.严格说来,考古学是根据古代人类通过各种活动遗留下来的实物,以研究古代社会历史的一门科学,但这仅为狭义考古学的定义.广义考古学是指对考古调查发掘所发现的一切遗物、遗迹,包括对各种动植物、矿物等资料进行分析和研究的一门学问,它有充实的内容,周密的方法,系统的理论和明确的目标.上述为传统意义上的考古学,20世纪五六十年代以来,考古学家采用放射性碳十四测定年代法、统计分析和计算机模拟系统等先进科学方法,发展了一种更加精确的技术,应用于古代人类制品的研究.这些现代技术根本上改变了对历史证据的看法,标志着考古学从研究文化史到研究文化发展过程的转变,这便是"新考古学".     

中国动物考古学

<正>本书论述了中国动物考古学研究的目标,对迄今为止的研究成果进行了系统归纳,阐述了与动物考古学研究相关的学科、理论及动物考古学研究的方法,讨论了主要家畜的起源、古代人类获取肉食资源的方式、古代人类利用动物进行祭祀和随葬的特征及其他相关研究。     

木炭在考古学研究中的应用

利用考古发掘出土的木炭可以重建考古遗址周围的环境,重建植物群,探索遗址的居民与自然界植被的关系,寻找有关古人类的信息。该对木炭在考古学研究中的可行性、必要性及取样与鉴定方法进行了简要的概括,并以研究实例进一步说明木炭的鉴定过程,对拓宽我国科技考古研究方法有一定的意义。     

微痕考古——从微观信息认识历史过程的科学探索

微痕考古以显微观测与技术分析为基础,通过对自然微观痕迹、人类和其它动物行为痕迹的观察研究,阐释人类与动物的行为模式、生活环境、文化遗址埋藏现象等.并作为一种技术性工作广泛服务于我国的文物保护.微痕考古在工作方向、工作方法和工作结果方面,可以弥补传统考古工作和文物保护技术的不足,使考古工作从微观到宏观、从实验到理念、从局部到整体建立更全面、科学的分析过程.我国微痕考古近年迅速发展,专业队伍扩大、研究理念与实验技术进步、工作领域覆盖面拓宽近年微痕考古的重要收获,包括发现人类最早的戳刺性行为痕迹、人类最早的剥皮屠宰技术及刻划图案等;在玉器制作工艺与鉴定、石器使用痕迹与区域文化特点等方面也取得丰富成果.微痕考占的产生与发展,显示脱胎于自然科学的考古学专业,在与现代应用技术紧密结合下,使考古学在研究理念、分析技术和认知深度等方面正发生深刻变化.     

Landscape and Environment: Insights from the Prehispanic Central Andes

Attention to human–environment relationships in the central Andes has a long history. Although the area is not a neat microcosm of the globe, wholly representative of worldwide trends in the archaeology of human–environment interactions, it has been the site of both seminal investigations in archaeology and a substantial body of recent work that investigates themes of broad archaeological relevance. Specifically, central Andean environments have been variously conceived as structuring, modified, and sacred. These approaches to some extent reflect broad trends in archaeology, while also suggesting directions in which the archaeology of human–environment interactions is moving and highlighting archaeology’s relevance to discussions of contemporary human–environment interactions. This article characterizes concepts that are key for describing central Andean environments and considers the ways in which the particular ecology of the central Andes has informed archaeological research in the region. The example of the central Andes highlights the importance of understanding environments as dynamic, considering both geomorphic and anthropogenic contributors to that dynamism, and examining both ecological (“environment”) and ideological (“landscape”) implications of archaeological landscapes.     

彩绘漆盘的考古发掘现场保护

为了在考环境监测开始,古发掘现场保护一件刚刚发现的胎体完全腐朽仅以土质为支撑的彩绘漆盘,从发掘现场的通过对该彩绘漆盘临时性保湿、整体提取以及提取后的一系列保护处理,最终成功地完成了该漆盘的考古发掘现场保护,使漆盘完好的保存了下来。     

Water and the Urban Fabric: a study of towns and waterscapes in the Roman period in Britain

This paper highlights the ways in which components of waterscapes—rivers, lakes, pools, wetlands and waterfronts—formed elements of the urban fabric in the Roman period. Urban archaeology has focused mainly on features relating to land, while nautical archaeology, studying rivers, ports and harbours, trade and seafaring, reminds us of the importance of watery contexts. By examining waterscapes in the urban setting we can start to break down some of the traditional dichotomies in archaeology between land and water. Water could form an integral part of the lived environment and acquire cultural meanings that can be studied archaeologically. © 2012 The Author     

A Multi‐disciplinary Approach to the Archaeological Investigation of a Bedrock‐Dominated Shallow‐Marine Landscape: an example from the Bay of Firth,Orkney, UK

Investigation of shallow‐marine environments for submerged prehistoric archaeology can be hampered in many localities by extensive bedrock exposure and thus limited preservation potential. Using the concept of ‘seamless archaeology’ where land‐based archaeology is integrated across the intertidal zone through to the offshore, a multi‐disciplinary approach is essential. This approach taken in the Bay of Firth, Orkney uses geophysics, historical archive and ethno‐archaeology, coastal geomorphology, palaeo‐environmental analyses and sea‐level science, and allows a clearer understanding of the landscape in which prehistoric settlers lived. While acknowledging the limitations of the preserved environment, we are successful in identifying areas of archaeological potential on the sea‐bed for both upstanding structural elements as well as sediment preservation that contains evidence for human occupation. This has wider implications beyond Orkney's World Heritage sites to provide a blueprint for similar studies elsewhere in the coastal zone. © 2012 The Authors     

良渚文明兴衰的生态史观

环境考古学的发展为讨论良渚文化的衰亡开拓了新的思路。然而,环境论者在表述论点时,常常会片面地强调外界环境变化对文化发展影响,显得过于机械化和简单化。从地理学和考古学的基础研究入手,深入地阐述了环境考古学的理论基础,提出生态史观是研究良渚文明兴衰的有效方法。通过对良渚文化系统动态分析,认为良渚文明的兴衰是其系统中各因素相互作用的结果,而良渚文化的衰亡是因为人地关系紧张,造成了系统的紊乱。     

Reflections on the Pedagogy of Archaeological Field Schools within Indigenous Community Archaeology Programmes in Australia

In this paper we investigate the pedagogy of archaeological field schools. Specifically, we explore the combination of tertiary level field schools and Indigenous community (or community-based) archaeology. Using a detailed case study of a rock art field school in Arnhem Land, Australia, we explore the processes and outcomes of combining archaeological field training with the ideas and methods of community archaeology. We discuss the relationship and unique challenges faced by such community archaeology field schools, particularly that of balancing the priorities of competing stakeholders. Our discussion illustrates the complexities of training students to work in an environment where cultural belief systems are still strongly linked to sites and landscapes. While the challenges are numerous, the outcomes, particularly for students, provide an unparalleled educational experience, one that cannot be obtained in any other learning format.     

Editorial

Abstract

A recent online article in The Daily Beast listed archaeology as one of the thirteen most useless undergraduate degrees. The article failed to identify transferable job skills gained while engaged in archaeological work. Further, archaeological field programmes and labs offer an alternative learning environment that benefits some students. This article reviews two archaeological projects that used archaeology as a form of social activism to provide employment and education to an under-served community as a fundamental aspect of its goals. The Hopedale Archaeology Project is an archaeology field project based in a north-east Canadian community that provides education and work opportunities for Inuit students. The Veterans Curation Program based in the United States provides temporary employment to recently discharged military veterans in an archaeological and archival curation lab. These programmes assist individuals to re-establish themselves within the workforce and add to their academic and professional growth, as well as incorporate a public outreach component that makes archaeology and history more accessible to the public.     

Potential geoarchaeological sites for luminescence dating in the Ganga Bhagirathi-Hugli delta,west Bengal,India

Archaeological studies in the upper and lower part of the Ganga-Bhaghrathi-Hugli delta were taken up to understand the nature of site formation and human adaptation in a dynamic fluvial zone. This aspect has been neglected in Indian archaeology. However archaeological dating using typological information, has an error margin of a couple of centuries and hence, is of limited use. We suggest that high resolution chronology using Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) and radiocarbon dating can be quite effective in the study of archaeology and human environment relationship in the Ganga-Brahmaputra Delta (GBD).