从津芦铁路看甲午战后清朝改革的再启

作为甲午战后清朝大办铁路的序曲,津芦铁路不仅在中国铁路史上具有特殊地位,同时也是清政府推行"实政改革"的标志性一环。津通之议的无奈流产与津芦铁路的迅速立案,不仅能够充分反映甲午前后清朝改革的不同特色,同时也能生动展现国人的思想剧变与各派政治势力的浮沉。而在津芦铁路修筑过程中暴露出的资金、技术、人才、管理诸问题,以及英、法、美等国列强的挟势干扰,既是近代中国铁路修筑过程中一直无法绕开的挡路石,也是困扰甲午战后清朝诸项改革的普遍症结。     

甲午战争以前清政府的铁路政策

长期以来,甲午战争以前的铁路问题不为史学界所重视而一直晦暗不明。目前的近代史研究几乎一致认为甲午战争的失败直接刺激了铁路建设,中国铁路自此有了一个大发展,甲午以前的铁路建设则无足轻重。但是如果没有甲午战前的政策基础,仅仅靠一次战争的刺激能够立刻从无到有吗？甲午战前的铁路事业绝不是中国铁路史上可有可无的一段历史,甚至也不是中国近代史可以随意忽略的一笔。本文正是试图论述铁路的这段历史,来揭示清政府在近代化道路上所作的努力。由于对早期铁路史不够重视,自然对甲午战前清政府所推行的铁路政策缺乏深入分析。从…     

国民政府铁路外债整理述略

引言利用外资进行铁路建设,在中国由来已久。溯自光绪二十三年(1897),清政府与比利时签定“卢汉铁路借款合同”肇始,旧中国的一部铁路兴亡史,不啻一部铁路外债史。国民政府建立后,由于国力艰窘,财政支绌,截止1935年(民国二十四年)末,中国所欠铁路外债总额为英镑53827432镑,折合美金265089391元。各铁路建筑而发行的铁路债票基本愆期并停止本息。巨额的债款,陈陈相因,象希腊神话中奥吉亚斯的牛圈。而铁路外债如果不加整理,各国对华铁路将不再投资,因此,铁路外债遂成为中国铁路发展的致命障碍。     

晚清皇室与近代中国铁路建设事业的起步

作为近代物质文明成果的铁路从1860年代开始以技术形态输入中国,是否建设铁路成为清政府朝野讨论的议题。从1860年代到1880年代,英、德、美、法等国先后有过针对晚清皇室的铁路"实验"活动或设想,使晚清皇室的重要成员对铁路的态度有所松动。在1880年代时断时续地出现了6次铁路"试办"活动,第六次"试办"活动进行时还伴随着皇室游玩铁路的兴建。唐胥铁路的建成及其延展和津沽铁路的完工,是6次"试办"活动的成果。当铁路准备进一步向通州延展时引发津通铁路争论,经过争论,清政府定计兴办芦汉铁路,中国近代铁路建设事业得以起步。在这个过程中,重要皇室成员如恭亲王奕訢、醇亲王奕譞、庆郡王奕劻和慈禧西太后等人对铁路态度的根本性改变是晚清政府铁路问题决策的前提。铁路建设事业起步的过程反映着某种历史规定性。     

借款可以救国?——郑孝胥铁路外债观述评

内政与外交、外交与外债联为一体,互联互动,是近代中国的时代特征。外债的这种特征,使策略性、功利性运用民族主义成为可能。借债救国论源于东北铁路外债交涉,其最初是指厚集洋债,实现均势。在清末宪政运动中,它又延伸到内政方面,成为国会请愿运动的舆论推动力量,并构成了干线国有政策的促动因素。郑孝胥在其间发挥了独特作用。近代铁路外债观的功能异化、内涵的多质化及其政治化倾向在其身上达到了极致。他的经历与思想充分展现了近代中国在利用外资与维持民族利益之间的两难选择,也显示了立宪派的政治性格。     

试论严复的铁路救贫思想

甲午战后,中国国弱民贫,民族危机日深。国内部分有识之士为救国救民,积极向西方探求真理。严复是"清季输入欧化第一人",旅欧的经历让他认识到了铁路对国计民生的巨大作用,因而在中国主张兴建铁路富国阜民。本文旨在分析严复铁路救贫思想的形成原因、具体内容,并对其进行客观评价。     

长沙东牌楼汉简“津卒”称谓及相关问题

长沙东牌楼简可见"津卒"称谓。这种以"卒"标示的身份特征值得研究者注意。同一批简中有称"津史"者。"津卒"应与"津史"存在某种关联。与"津卒"类同的"车卒"、"漕卒"、"棹卒"、"邮卒"、"驿卒"等交通实践者的人身自由和行为方式,都会因"卒"的军人身份受到限定。秦汉时期交通建设首先服务于政治和军事,一般平民只能在有限的条件下利用交通设施。社会一般成员对交通事业的参与,往往只能以"卒"的角色,通过"役"这种完全被动的形式实现。     

评南京国民政府的整理外债政策

整理外债,是南京国民政府(1927—1949年)面临的一个重大问题。这个问题的基本方面,是如何处理旧政权(晚清政府和北京民国政府)遗留下来的巨额外债,也包括南京国民政府对本身所举外债在偿付过程中进行的某些调整。积欠外债的整理,直接涉及到关税、盐税等中央财政收入和铁路等国有事业收入的状况,还同金银比价、汇率乃至对外关系方面的重大变化密切相关。本文对南京国民政府的整理外债政策的提出和实施作一述评,以冀对深化民     

甲午战后的海军建设和海防思想

甲午战后的海军建设和海防思想黄乘矩史学界对于中国近代海军史的研究,大多集中于１９世纪洋务运动发端至中日甲午战争北洋海军覆灭这一时期,而对于甲午战后海军的建设和发展,则鲜有论及。这固然是因为前一时期是中国近代海军诞生和奠基时期,它在中国近代海军史上的重...     

晚清中央专项铁路经费探析

1888~1889年,清政府内部针对津通铁路的论争,促发了修筑芦汉铁路的提议,并确立了"定计兴办"铁路的国家政策,进而使中央专项铁路经费得以出台。1890年,该经费被用于筹办炼钢制轨等事宜。自1891年始,专项经费转而用于关东铁路的建设。直到甲午战争爆发,清政府议定自1895年起将该经费用于军需,不再用于铁路建设。从专项经费的财政运作与税源分析,专项铁路经费每年划分为120万两的部款与80万两的外省解款。其中,地丁、盐课等传统的税项与厘金、洋税等新增税收并存,特别是厘金占据了重要角色。同时,外省解款中也隐现中央与外省之间针对税源掌控的较力。在晚清铁路建设的筹资阶段,中央专项铁路经费作为清政府"权自我操"的投资性支出项目,具有重要意义。     

ATP生物发光法在文物抑菌剂效力检测中的应用

抑菌剂的筛选是文物微生物病害治理的一项重要内容。传统的效力检测方法依赖培养,因而不能用于人工培养条件下生长状态不佳的微生物,更无法用于文物现场的快速检测。近年兴起的一些活菌快速检测技术,由于不依赖培养,为筛选文物保护抑菌剂提供了新的思路。本工作总结了传统方法以及当前常用的活菌快速检测技术,通过实验室及现场实验,实现了用ATP生物发光检测文物抑菌剂效力,弥补了传统技术的不足,为筛选文物保护抑菌剂提供了新的方法。     

Contract for delivery of jars

The papyrus edited here is an example of a so‐called “delivery purchase” contract. The objects of the purchase are jars for the bottling of wine. The vendor is a deacon, who is said to be illiterate but signs in his own hand. The document is dated to AD 494 by reference to the Oxyrhynchite era and gives us the name of a hitherto unknown notary.     

Pre-screening techniques for identification of samples suitable for radiocarbon dating of poorly preserved bones

Under certain environmental conditions, post-depositional diagenetic loss of bone collagen can severely reduce the number of bones from a particular archaeological site that are suitable for stable isotopic analysis or radiocarbon dating. This study examined nearly 300 bones from 12 archaeological sites across southern England known to yield poor or variable preservation to try to identify one, or more, pre-screening technique(s) that would indicate suitable collagen preservation for radiocarbon dating. The most reliable method was shown to be the percent nitrogen (%N) of whole bone powder, which has an 84% chance of successfully predicting whether or not a bone will yield sufficient (i.e. >1% weight) collagen for dating.     

寻找内心的风景

<正>“走遍了天下的路,最亲的还是故乡”,这是游子的心声。又逢春节,千千万万的游子们开始奔向故乡,故乡的山山水水永远是他们心中最美的风景线。游子热爱家乡山水,是因为有情感的寄托。这些年来,我的确走了很多地方,可无论走到哪里,当地的景区接待者都会自豪地向你诉说景区之美,故乡     

Contexts for Conflict: Conceptual Tools for Interpreting Archaeological Reflections of Warfare

Abstract

There has been a long history of interest in the material remains of conflict, but in the last two and a half decades archaeologists have made strides in the study of war and warfare. Techniques have been developed, refined, and borrowed to expose the material record of combat. Sites associated with other military undertakings have been discovered and the material culture of conflict has been documented. This growth has expanded an understanding of past conflicts and challenged previously held ideas about warfare. Although archaeologists do not currently have interpretive frameworks to link the diverse sites and objects that form the archaeological record of war, modern military planners have developed such models. This paper uses sites from the North American Great Plains to suggest that military models of conflict analysis can contribute to a synthetic archaeological interpretation of conflict.     

Resources for Teachers from the Educational Department of Fine Arts of Seville for Archaeological Sites

Abstract

The province of Seville, situated in the south-western part of the Iberian Peninsula, contains a large number of archaeological sites. Some of them are of great significance: for example, the ancient Roman cities of Itálica and Munigua, the megaliths in Valencina de la Concepción, or the Roman necropolis in Carmona. These four mentioned above receive a considerable number of educational visits by students between the ages of twelve and sixteen, and a number of educational projects have been carried out there. This article outlines the types of resource material provided at these four sites.     

Equations of state for basin geofluids: algorithm review and intercomparison for brines

Physical properties of formation waters in sedimentary basins can vary by more than 25% for density and by one order of magnitude for viscosity. Density differences may enhance or retard flow driven by other mechanisms and can initiate buoyancy‐driven flow. For a given driving force, the flow rate and injectivity depend on viscosity and permeability. Thus, variations in the density and viscosity of formation waters may have or had a significant effect on the flow pattern in a sedimentary basin, with consequences for various basin processes. Therefore, it is critical to correctly estimate water properties at formation conditions for proper representation and interpretation of present flow systems, and for numerical simulations of basin evolution, hydrocarbon migration, ore genesis, and fate of injected fluids in sedimentary basins. Algorithms published over the years to calculate water density and viscosity as a function of temperature, pressure and salinity are based on empirical fitting of laboratory‐measured properties of predominantly NaCl solutions, but also field brines. A review and comparison of various algorithms are presented here, both in terms of applicability range and estimates of density and viscosity. The paucity of measured formation‐water properties at in situ conditions hinders a definitive conclusion regarding the validity of any of these algorithms. However, the comparison indicates the versatility of the various algorithms in various ranges of conditions found in sedimentary basins. The applicability of these algorithms to the density of formation waters in the Alberta Basin is also examined using a high‐quality database of 4854 water analyses. Consideration is also given to the percentage of cations that are heavier than Na in the waters.