On the Use and Limitations of Trend Surface Models

A lthough the technique of trend surface mapping has been developed in the main by geologists and geophysicists, its use has now diffused into a number of other fields including regional science, botany, meteorology, and geography. It would be wrong to be unduly critical of the pioneer applications of any technique, even where errors have been made, for there are few guidelines to help such explorers. On the other hand it is felt that trend surface methods are sufficiently well estab-lishd in geography for there to be a need for a more critical appraisal of the method, especially in view of some careless or even erroneous applications that have been made recently by geographers. This paper will highlight what are considered to be some of the more important limitations of trend surface models, and will point to one or two specifically geographical problems.     

Shared Resources and Competitive Advantage in Clustered Firms: The Missing Link

This study examines the mechanism by which shared resources act on clustered firms' strategic resources to impact firm performance. Results indicate that five different kinds of cluster-specific shared resources have significant and positive effects on strategic resources to various degrees. Results also show that four elements of strategic resources have significant and positive effects on competitive advantage of firms. The framework developed in this study thus suggests that internal strategic resources and capabilities of firms mediate the relationship between shared resources and competitive advantage of firms in clusters.     

日本年鉴教科书化现象探析

二十世纪七八十年代日本出版市场上出现大规模的"年鉴教科书化"现象,主流出版商出版了一批既能辅导中小学生学习,又能介绍日本历史文化等地情的教科书年鉴.这类年鉴兼具了教辅的学习性、大众读物的科普性以及年鉴的时效性和检索性等,在日本出版市场风靡一时,产生了较大的经济效益和社会影响.但是随着日本教育政策的变化,教辅市场需求转变...     

Distance Distributions and Trip Behavior in Defined Regions

This paper discusses applications of the statistical distribution of distances between random pairs of points in bounded regions. The existing literature on convex figures is first described, and applications of the analytically tractable distributions to point pattern analysis are given. New statistics are then introduced with applications in shape analysis and trip distribution studies. Finally a brief discussion is made of directional bias, and of alternative sampling rules and distance metrics.     

Analysis of the role of fluids in causing fractures in the Spraberry Trend,Midland Basin

The Spraberry Formation in west‐central Texas is a highly fractured formation with both extension and shear fractures. At least two sets of natural fractures exist in two reservoir intervals. We have considered two possible origins for the fracturing: (i) high fluid pressure plus tectonic stress and (ii) tectonic stress at near‐hydrostatic fluid pressure. Reconstruction of geologic, thermal and hydrodynamic histories suggests that high fluid pressures probably did not occur during the basin’s history. To explore the second hypothesis, we developed and applied a calibrated, discrete‐element model of Spraberry strata to investigate whether weak Laramide compressional forces could cause fractures in the absence of high fluid pressures. Simulation results suggest that a mild compressional episode of geologically short duration may indeed have induced conjugate shear fractures.     

基于本底趋势线与小波函数的中国旅游成长及多周期分析

本文依据本底趋势线理论和小渡分析理论,对近20年来中国入境及国内旅游客流量成长过程进行了滤波分析,提取了旅游成长过程中的趋势项和不同时间尺度的周期项。结果发现：（1）近20多年来我国入境和国内旅游的成长,在年际尺度上均可分解为趋势项、周期项和事件冲击项3个部分;（2）入境旅游和国内旅游客流量的增长趋势存在一定的差异,入境旅游长期趋势为直线增长,国内旅游长期趋势为指数增长;（3）入境旅游存在2个时间尺度的客流量波动周期,较长的周期为20年,较短的周期为6年,而国内旅游只存在一个10年左右的周期。最后,本文对本底趋势线理论与小波分析方法在旅游成长及波动周期分析上的差异进行了比较。     

旅游资源开发的时代演进及发展趋势浅析

旅游资源开发是旅游业发展的基础。在漫长的历史发展中,其经历了自发时代、自觉时代、生态时代,正向信息时代迈进。本在分析旅游资源开发历史演进的基础上,提出“竞争与合作相统一”的开发理念,“科学化 网络化”的开发方式,“多元目标协调”的开发目标,探讨了其在新世纪里的发展趋势。     

Core Use-Life Distributions in Lithic Assemblages as a Means for Reconstructing Behavioral Patterns

Artifacts with varying use-lives have different discard rates and hence are represented unequally among archaeological assemblages. As such, the ability to gauge the use-lives of artifacts is important for understanding the formation of archaeological assemblage variability. In lithic artifacts, use-life can be expressed as the extraction of utility, or work potential, from existing stone volume. Using experimental data and generalized linear modeling, this study develops models of artifact use-life on cores in the form of reduction intensity. We then apply these models to two archaeological case studies to (a) reconstruct the reduction intensities of archaeological cores and (b) investigate the survivorship curves of these archaeological cores across the reduction continuum using the Weibull function. Results indicate variation in core reduction and maintenance with respect to raw material properties and place use history and implicate evolutionary differences between Early Stone Age hominins and Holocene modern humans.     

次贷危机中的日本金融经济动向

本文通过分析日本金融市场短期利率、长期利率、股票指数、日元汇率指标的变动,来评估次贷危机对日本金融市场和金融体系产生的影响。文章认为次贷危机使日本丧失了一个难得的金融政策正常化以及走向长期经济增长的机会,日本金融指标变动与美欧的同步化使得日本难以独善其身,而高企的日元汇率随时有反转的可能。     

简析美国俚语的产生及语言特色

俚语是一种特殊的语言形式,拥有悠久的历史和独特的语言表现力,也是美国语言中不可或缺的组成部分。本文通过对美国俚语的发展趋势与产生的文化条件加以对比,对美国俚语的语言特色作了进一步分析。     

1936年祁红运销纷争探微

19世纪80年代,中国植茶业由盛而衰,这与近代中国农村经济长期凋敝,植茶业在种植方式、加工工艺和产品包装等方面进展甚微有相当的关联。但由于掌握市场行情,适时改进生产技术,“祁门红茶”试制成功,并畅销世界市场,成为中国茶叶名品牌①。20世纪30年代受世界性经济危机影响,中国茶叶在国际市场全面衰退,祁红外销也受挫。在挽救华茶呼声中,皖省拟依托祁门红茶改良农场研究与推广产制的改良,另在祁门推行茶叶运销信用合作     

Extraction of Hierarchical Surface Networks from Bilinear Surface Patches

Surface networks capture the topological relations between passes of a continuous surface, the paths of steepest descent and ascent starting at the passes, and the pits and peaks where the steepest paths end. Surface networks represent the topology of surfaces in a compressed form and allow fast investigation of the surfaces' convex and concave shapes. They are applied, for instance, for enhancing algorithms for surface analysis, for surface model simplification, and for surfaces visualization. Furthermore, they are themselves subjects of analysis as they are closely coupled to the intrinsic geometrical concepts and rules of continuous surfaces.
This article extends the topology of surface networks in four ways: (i) objects at the edge of the surface model are introduced; (ii) intersections between valley and ridge lines are found to be possible, and such intersections are incorporated into the topology; (iii) horizontal areas may represent passes, pits, or peaks, and therefore must be detected and explicitly incorporated; and (iv) valley and ridge line hierarchies are recognized as inherent components of the surface network. They are extracted and explicitly represented.
To ensure consistency and completeness of the surface network, a zero-order continuous surface is specified from the raster data prior to the extraction. This article presents a method to represent and derive valley and ridge line hierarchies. The results are illustrated with two examples. The extracted networks are found to be consistent and complete. However, the extraction method tends to produce spurious pits, peaks, and passes, which form a drawback if the surface data are affected by noise.