Spatial Choice in Location-Allocation Problems: The Role of Endogenous Attraction

Spatial choice, a voluntary form of allocation of consumers to central services, is usually conceived as affected by two factors, distance and attraction. Although usually regarded as exogenous, attraction is in turn affected by the level of use a service receives, and thus by spatial choice. This paper explores the system defined by these relationships, largely by simulation. Proposals are made concerning the initiation and perturbation of the system, and attempts are made to generalize the results. Although it is difficult to connect form with process in such a system, it is possible to identify the factors responsible for system stability.     

The Strategic Choice of Location and Transport Mode in a Successive Monopoly Model

This work emphasizes the incentives for vertical integration in a spatial model. A downstream monopoly will both strategically increase its transport costs and locate inefficiently relative to its customers. This forces the upstream monopolist to lower its input price rather than permit sales to decline. The excess costs and the inefficient location lower total profit in the vertical stream generating an incentive for vertical integration.     

The Validity of Hierarchical Information Integration Choice Experiments to Model Residential Preference and Choice

Integrated conjoint choice models have recently been introduced in the consumer choice literature as an approach to include a large number of influential attributes in a choice experiment and statistically test its assumed hierarchical structure. In the present article, the validity of integrated conjoint choice models is tested using housing choice as an example. The results of this study suggest that the parameters of housing utility functions derived from integrated conjoint choice models are not statistically different across experiments nor are they different from those derived from nonhierarchical conjoint models. This yields support for the validity of these models. Implications of these findings are discussed.     

An Empirical Test of Social Choice Theories of Disequilibrium

This paper is an empirical test of 'institution-free' theories of democratic procedures exemplified by Kenneth Arrow and William Riker. 'Social choice' theorists claim that instability is the likely result of a pure majority-rule institution, but such a claim has not been subjected to a great deal of empirical scrutiny. In this paper I test the arguments of social choice theory using the American Continental Congress (1774-89) which was, perhaps, the most democratic legislative institution that has ever existed. I conclude that there is a strong possibility of instability in democratic institutions.     

基于社区主导的乡村旅游内生式开发模式研究

本文回顾了乡村旅游社区参与、社区主导相关方面的中外研究,认为根据中国实情,以外源型发展为特征的社区参与不利于乡村旅游的可持续发展,而应选取内生式发展的社区主导开发模式。同时,阐述了社区主导模式的三种不同类型,即基层组织主导模式、股份制运营模式和专业合作社主导模式,探究了这三种模式的利弊以及适宜性.     

旅游者目的地选择的TPB模型与分析

本文借鉴消费者计划行为理论——Theory of Planned Behavior（TPB）,构建了一个旅游目的地选择的TPB模型,并对各层次构成要素的作用进行分析,试图通过模型研究揭示旅游者目的地选择的心理及行为特征。本文认为,意向、情境、旅游群体是旅游者目的地选择的基本影响要素,而态度、主观规则和主观感知对意向产生重要影响;目的地形象、旅游经历、动机等9个因素是最直接的影响要素。     

Shake Table Test and Numerical Analysis of a Bridge Model Supported on Elastomeric Pad Bearings

Elastomeric pad bearings are widely applied in short- to medium-span girder bridges in China, with the superstructure restrained by reinforced concrete (RC) shear keys in the transverse direction. Field investigations after the 2008 Wenchuan earthquake reveal that bearing systems had suffered the most serious damage, such as span falling, bearing displaced, and shear key failure, while the piers and foundations underwent minor damage. As part of a major study on damage mechanism and displacement control method for short- to medium-span bridges suffered in Wenchuan earthquake, a 1:4 scale, two-span bridge model supported on elastomeric pad bearings were recently tested on shake tables at Tongji University, Shanghai. The bridge model was subjected to increasing levels of four seismic excitations possessing different spectral characteristics. Two restraint systems with and without the restraint of RC shear keys were tested. A comprehensive analytical modeling of the test systems was also performed using OpenSees. The experimental results confirmed that for the typical bridges on elastomeric pad bearings without RC shear keys, the sliding effect of the elastomeric pad bearings plays an important role in isolation of ground motions and, however, lead to lager bearing displacement that consequently increases the seismic risk of fall of span, especially under earthquakes that contain significant mid-period contents or velocity pulse components. It is suggested from the test results that RC shear keys should be elaborately designed in order to achieve a balance between isolation efficiency and bearing displacement. Good correlation between the analytical and the experimental data indicates that the analytical models for the bearing and RC shear key as well as other modeling assumptions were appropriate.     

Geographical Differentiation and its Measures in a Discrete System

The preceding preliminary paper is expanded into a full-fledged theory of differentiation. Two types are considered: feature-based differentiation and areal differentiation, both in their geographical and nongeographical contexts. Each type is examined both in a broad sense, without weighting, and in a narrow sense, with the values of a selected feature or other weights attached to the parts of a whole. Measures of differentiation are then borrowed from information theory. Differentiation in the broad sense (without weights) can be measured by the simpler Hartley measure of information transmission, which applies when any one of distinct possible outcomes of an event is equally likely to occur. Differentiation in the narrow sense (weighted) can be measured by the more complicated Shannon measure of entropy, which takes into consideration the probability that a given event will have a particular outcome.     

Experimental Study and Numerical Model Calibration for Earthquake-Induced Collapse of RC Frames with Emphasis on Key Columns,Joints, and the Overall Structure

A thorough investigation of earthquake-induced collapse of reinforced concrete frames is presented. The inherent correlation between the nonlinear behavior of key components and the collapse mechanism of overall frame is examined through concurrent collapse tests of both frame and key components. Important issues in the component models are investigated through calibration against experiments, leading to a comprehensive structural system model. Both test and simulation indicate that the seismic performance are predominately governed by the key columns, whereas the energy dissipation capacity is somewhat affected by the joints. This study offers systematic experimental data and numerical models for future collapse assessments.     

Migration and Occupational Choice among Young Labor Force Entrants: A Human Capital Model

Interregional variations in the conditions for entering the labor force are investigated by analyzing interdependencies between migration behavior and occupational choice for young labor force entrants. The human capital framework indicates that occupational choice depends on the costs and returns associated with entering various occupations, and that interregional variation in these costs and returns is a major reason for migration. Occupational choice and migration behavior will be interdependent if the costs and returns for particular occupations vary over local labor markets, relative to other occupations, and patterns of interdependence between the two decisions are analyzed, using a model of the joint choice of occupation and location. An empirical analysis of occupational choices and migration behavior for young people who entered the U.S. labor force in the 1975–80 period indicates that the odds for entering professional or managerial occupations varied with origin and migration behavior in systematic ways.     

Asymmetric Entrant Locaiton with a Discrete Consumer Distribution: Spatial Price Discrimination Versus Mill Pricing

In this paper I examine the profit-maximizing locations of entrants. Suppose that firms practice spatial price discrimination and consumer locations are discrete, such as five equally spaced towns on a roadway. With completely inelastic consumer demand an entrant between two existing firms is often indifferent between the symmetric (central) location and a continuum of asymmetric (noncentral) locations. However, downward-sloping consumer demand often causes the entrant to strictly prefer either of two asymmetric locations to any other location. These results are very different from those found in mill-pricing (free-on-board or f.o.b.-pricing) models.     

谈续志的体例创新与篇目设置——以《安阳市志》为例

本文结合编纂第二轮《安阳市志》的实践,对章节体与条目体相结合体例进行探讨,提出这一体例的优点与缺陷以及运用该体例在志书编纂中应注意的问题。同时对第二轮《安阳市志》篇目设计的实践经验进行了总结。     

北宋定窑力士扛兽狮首八方洗及其相关问题-兼论唐宋青瓷套盒简

宋五大名窑之中,唯以定窑独领白瓷之风骚,其精品一出每每让人深觉其实至名归,甚至叹为以其艺术成就之高当列五大名窑之首。此件＂北宋定窑力士扛兽狮首八方洗＂即是一件重器佳品。     

Estimating a Destination-Choice Model from a Choice-based Sample with Limited Information

In most applications of multinomial logit and other probabilistic discrete-choice models, the estimation data set is either a simple random sample of the population of interest or an exogenously stratified sample. Often, however, it is cheaper and easier to sample individuals while they are carrying out the chosen activity of concern. This produces a choice-based sample, which presents important problems of estimation and inference. This paper is concerned with estimation of destination-choice models from choice-based samples when neither the aggregate market shares of alternatives nor the probability distribution of explanatory variables in the population is known. The method of Cosslett (1981) for estimating multinomial logit models from such data is summarized, and the limitations on information about choice behavior that can be recovered from the sample are explained. An empirical model of pharmacy choice in the Namur, Belgium, area is presented. It is shown that useful and important information about destination-choice behavior can be obtained from a choice-based sample, even without knowledge of aggregate market shares and the probability distribution of explanatory variables.     

Working with Tradition: Towards a Partnership Model of Fieldwork

This paper explores the interaction between fieldworker and “tradition bearer” over an extended period of time, in the context of an ethnographic study of singing traditions in the southern Pennines of England. Using examples, it examines the negative as well as the positive aspects of the exchange, with particular emphasis on mutuality and reciprocity. It charts the development of key relationships and the ways in which they have come to maturity and achieved equilibrium. Careful thought is given to the role of the fieldworker in respect of active/passive, interventionist/non-interventionist stances. Aspects of performance, commercialisation, networking, promotion, and media relations are discussed. Following a consideration of ethical and moral issues, including exploitation and advocacy, the paper suggests a working model of partnership as a way forward for future productive field-based research into traditional expressive arts.