PAPERS ON GEOPHYSICAL INVESTIGATIONS OF WOODLAND AND CADDO SITES IN THE CADDO AREA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

Abstract

Geophysical investigations on archaeological sites in the Caddo area of the Southeastern United States have become in recent years a critical part of the investigation of prehistoric and early historic Caddo sites, from small farmsteads and hamlets to large mound centers. The various articles gathered here provide substantive examples of the range of geophysical research that has been undertaken on Woodland and Caddo sites in southwestern Arkansas, eastern Oklahoma, and East Texas, and how that research has led to a better understanding of the spatial structure and internal organization of habitation sites and mound centers.     

THE USE OF SHELL-TEMPERED POTTERY IN THE CADDO AREA OF THE SOUTHEASTERN UNITED STATES

Abstract

Freshwater mussel shell was used as a temper in the manufacture of ceramic vessels by potters in the Caddo area of the southeastern United States after ca. A.D. 1300. This was at least one or two centuries after it became the dominant temper used by aboriginal groups in much of the Eastern Woodlands but generally contemporaneous with shelltempered usage in parts of the Southern Plains. The introduction of shell temper was variable across the Caddo area, and in certain regions its use was negligible in ceramic vessel assemblages until the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries but then was rapidly adopted as the dominant temper employed in vessel manufacture, particularly for utility wares. In the traditional territory of the historic Hasinai Caddo in East Texas, shell temper did not appear in vessels until the early eighteenth century, and then only in minor amounts on presumed trade vessels.     

ANCESTORS,TRICKSTERS AND DEMONS: AN EXAMINATION OF CHIMBU INTERACTION WITH THE INVISIBLE WORLD1

The fundamental premiss of Gods, Ghosts and Men in Melanesia (Lawrence and Meggitt 1965) was that the epistemology of people of the Seaboard of Papua New Guinea was more dominated by religion than was that of the Highlanders. Among the latter, the Chimbu have commonly been portrayed as supreme pragmatists. However, they believe in a complex and variegated spirit-world, described in some detail in this paper.     

A PROPERTY OF THE RANK-SIZE DISTRIBUTION AND ITS USE IN AN URBAN HIERARCHY CONTEXT

This paper proves the symmetry of the classical rank-size distribution with respect to any city according to a criterion of relative population difference. This property is used to characterize the distribution of city sizes around the median center of their hierarchical level by the existence of symmetry, of an upper bound to dispersion, and of a regular spacing. An interpretation is suggested.     

THE AUTHENTICITY OF FIGURINES,ANIMALS AND POTTERY FACSIMILES OF BRONZES IN THE HUI HSIEN STYLE

For some 15 years the authenticity of a group of small pottery pieces, claimed to have originated in the Hui Hsien area of China, has been the subject of academic discussion and some dissension. The thermolumines-cent dating of 22 such pieces from 4 independent collections is reported following a review of archaeological evidence for the origin of the material and of scientific investigations that have previously been made in investigation of its authenticity. It is concluded that all the pieces are of modern origin and not some 2300 years old as their stylistic forms might suggest.     

THERMOLUMINESCENCE AND STYLE IN THE AUTHENTICATION OF CERAMIC SCULPTURE FROM OAXACA,MEXICO

Oaxacan urns, the most characteristic esthetic expression of Zapotec culture in ancient Mesoamerica, are an important potential source of information for archaeologists and art historians, but relatively few exist with specific archaeological context and many are suspect as forgeries. This paper reports the thermoluminescent authenticity determinations of over one hundred Oaxacan urns as a first step toward confirmining a sequence previously determined by stylistic analysis. We tested a collection of 117 urns on loan to the St Louis Art Museum, mostly acquired after 1960, and another group of 6 from the Peabody Museum, Harvard, acquired before 1930. Our hypothesis that more recent collections would contain fewer forgeries was confirmed and a number of stylistic criteria for determining authenticity are critically examined in the light of the results.     

CALCULATING THE COST OF TRANSFERRING STUDENTS FROM PAROCHIAL TO PUBLIC SCHOOLS: AN EXAMINATION AND CRITIQUE

Public sector aid to K-12 parochial schools is often justified on the basis that providing assistance is cheaper than having to absorb all those students into public school systems. But is it? The cost of transferring students from parochial to public K-12 schools has never been satisfactorily calculated. This article points to the weaknesses in previous efforts and outlines the elements that must be present in a comprehensive estimate of transfer costs.     

GEOPHYSICAL AND ARCHAEOLOGICAL INVESTIGATIONS AT THE CLEMENT SITE,A CADDO MOUND COMPLEX IN SOUTHEASTERN OKLAHOMA

Abstract

Since the 1960s, few professional archaeological excavations have been conducted at Caddo sites in southeastern Oklahoma. This article summarizes the initial phase of a research program designed to increase our knowledge of this area. Geophysical and archaeological investigations at the Clement site (34Mc8) were conducted during the summer of 2008 by the University of Oklahoma. These revealed deep middens, intact mound stratigraphy, and architecture, and suggest that Clement had multiple Caddo occupations spanning approximately 300 years.     

THE DISTRIBUTION OF SCOTS AND IRISH IN UPPER CANADA, 1851-71

Recent geographical studies of evolving cultural patterns in North America have encompassed spatial scales from continental (Meinig 1986; Rooney, Zelinsky et al. 1982; Zelinsky 1973) to local (Clarke and Skof 1985; Millward 1981; Norris 1984). This interest may reflect, in part, previous neglect of cultural dimensions in North American geography, as well as emerging conceptual insights including that of the 'charter group' of founding colonists (Porter 1965), the somewhat similar 'doctrine of first effective settlement' (Zelinsky 1973), and the classification of spatial-cultural types within emerging regions of the continent (Meinig 1986).     

MAP OF THE DISTRIBUTION OF ESKIMOS AND NATIVE CREENLANDERS IN NORTH AMERICA

RÉSUMÉ. Cette carte de caractére pédagogique montrela répartition des esquimaux et natijs groenlandais de l'Amérique du nord. Les autorités concernées out gracieusement fourni les données nécessaires à la compilation de cette carte, bien que celle-ci aille au-delà des statistiques déjà publiées. Parmi certaines difficultés, on note celles engendrées par la localisation de ces emplacements rapportés lors du dernier recensement, mais dont on a pas retrouve trace depuis.
l'emploi de symboles circulaires s'est avéré inéfficace dans ce cas-ci, la vérité des dimensions des localités obscurcissant outre mesure la représentation graphique de la population. Un systéme multicirculaire jut dont adopté même si celui-ci tend à jausser quelque peu le nombre des villages. Un tableau dans le texte montre les données de la population selon le recensement, de même que la position géogra-phique de chacun des endroits. Des remercie-ments sont adressés à l'endroit des officiers du recensement des trois gouvernements concernés, ainsi qu à tous ceux qui ont rendu possible la préparation de cette carte.     

URBAN UNEMPLOYMENT AND THE SPATIAL STRUCTURE OF LABOR MARKETS: AN EXAMINATION OF THE “TODARO PARADOX” IN A SPATIAL CONTEXT*

ABSTRACT The Todaro paradox and the effects of job creation in urban areas will be re-examined in our spatial model in which the radius of the labor market is endogenously determined by the rational choices of workers. The travel cost of workers plays a crucial role in the choice between two different types of response, migration or commuting. By considering travel costs, we find that the Todaro paradox can be applied to developed, as well as developing, countries. Job creation in urban areas can produce a paradoxical increase in urban unemployment in developed countries, because the low marginal cost of travel will significantly increase the radius of the urban labor market and create new labor supply without migration.     

名山旅游地的空间竞争研究──以皖南三大名山为例

本文分析了名山旅游地的特点和影响其空间竞争的因素,以皖南三大名山为例,讨论了名山旅游地空间竞争的特点和竞争策略。