FEDERAL TAX POLICY DEVELOPMENTS AFFECTING THE CONSERVATION OF CRITICAL LANDS: GROWING RESTRAINTS ON LOCAL INITIATIVES

This commentary touches upon certain aspects of federal tax policy that impact on land conservation in the United States. The focus is on the development and use of tax incentives to encourage private or non-governmental efforts to protect unique wildlife specie habitat, farmlands, historic areas, scenic landscapes, and recreational resources. In recent years tax incentives favored private conservation initiatives; recent legislative and administrative developments introduced a high degree of federal supervision.     

加拉帕戈斯 伊甸园进化论

汪洋中的火山是它强大的心脏;泻湖是它亮蓝色的眼睛,眺望着亘古不变的日升月落;季风带来种子和雨水,在时间与大海的浩瀚里,进化出最纯真的伊甸。     

LÖWITH,LÖWITH'S HEIDEGGER,AND THE UNITY OF HISTORY

This article is about the problem of the unity of history as seen through the writings of Karl Löwith. By “unity of history” I understand the notion that all history constitutes one and only one range of kinds of objects and/or one field of knowledge. The article argues that the problem of the unity of history—though often neglected as a matter of mere argumentative infrastructure—is central to a number of wider problems, most prominently the possibility of a plural understanding of historicity and the possibility of ultimately avoiding a unified historical teleology. The article revisits Löwith's writings and proposes a variety of novel interpretations with the aim of evincing the centrality, and of exploring diverse aspects, of the problematic of the unity of history. This problematic is shown to have informed Löwith's work on the secularization thesis as well as his debate with Hans Blumenberg. The foundations of Löwith's discussion of the problem are pursued across his ambivalent critique and appropriation of Heidegger's model of an ontology of historicity as marked by inevitable internal conflict and thus disunity. The paper reconstructs the manner in which, after the Second World War, Löwith's philosophy of history sought to salvage basic traits of the Heideggerian model when it tried to establish the possibility of plural historicity from a notion of the natural cosmos. It is demonstrated that the motives for this salvage operation ultimately extended beyond the problem of Löwith's reception of Heidegger and concerned the possibility of continuing any debate on the philosophy of history.     

尼罗河畔文明物语

<正>尼罗河是埃及的母亲河,准确说更是生命线,一条郁郁葱葱的绿色生命线,置于茫茫的沙漠之中。埃及90%的人口,生活在这全国1/30国土的尼罗河畔。这条河见证了埃及古老文明的形成和兴旺,主导了两岸生灵的繁荣与衰落。跟随这条河,人们在历史的时空穿梭,跨过河上河下,遍看古代现代,游走神庙田舍,拥抱沙漠绿洲。我们在阿斯旺下火车,行李直接就送到斯蒂芬妮游轮了,我们要在尼罗河上航行三日,这是期盼许久的心念。有多久呢?算起来有40年了。自从1978年电影《尼罗河上的惨案》     

THE BOXER ON THE ROOF OF THE WORLD

正Though the Tibet boxing team might be rarely heard of,Sonam Norbu,a national master sportsman from the first Tibet boxing team with a weight of 52 kilograms,has won a gold medal for the 2011 National Youth Fight,a bronze medal for the 2012 National Championship,and another bronze medal for the 2013 National Championship.The Tibet boxing team is still young today.Asked why he chose to be a boxer,     

ON THE PROBLEM OF REGULATING THE REGIME OF THE CASPIAN SEA

In an effort to stabilize the declining level of the Caspian Sea, it has been proposed that evaporation from the water surface be reduced by decreasing the size of the sea through construction of a dam in the northern portion. Data on the geology and hydrology of the Caspian Sea bed suggest that the construction of a dam might have undesirable consequences not only for the northern fisheries basin but for the sea as a whole. The findings are based on the presence of salt domes on the bottom of the northern Caspian Sea. An influx of highly mineralized subsurface waters along faults associated with the salt domes as well as leaching of salt from the structures themselves may threaten to raise the salinity of the northern fisheries basin to intolerable magnitudes. The presence of a man-made dam, in the author's view, would also interfere with the natural circulation of water, threatening contamination of deeper layers of the Caspian Sea with hydrogen sulfide, as has happened in the case of the Black Sea. [For a discussion of the Caspian Sea problem, see Soviet Geography, November 1972.]     

关于燕下都故城宫殿建筑几个问题的探索与研究

<正> 燕下都故城位于今河北省易县东南的北易水和中易水之间。它北、西和西南山峦环抱,东南面向华北大平原,正处于从上都——蓟(今北京市)到赵、齐等国的咽喉地带,是战国时期著名的陪都之一。 战国时期,随着燕国社会经济的发展和军事力量的增长,为了争雄中原,燕国的统治者就逐渐加强了对其南部城邑——武阳城的营建。到战国中期前后,武阳城已发展成为燕国南方的政治、经济、军事和文化中心,成为战国时期燕国的重要陪都之一,并直接称之为“燕下都”。 这种陪都制度,是有其渊源流长的历史进程的。并不为燕国所独有。周在灭商以前,就有丰、镐二京。《诗·大雅·文王有声》云:“既伐于崇,作邑于丰”,意即文王伐崇侯虎后,从岐下徙都于丰。“考卜维王,宅是镐京”,意即武王虽迁都于镐,而丰仍然是全国的政治、     

中华民国开国纪念币银元始铸纪

1911年12月2日,苏浙联军攻克了南京。12月8日,江苏都督府任命余成烈为度支部江宁造币分厂总理,林景为协理。维时军需孔殷,日促拨款,势难停工以待新币式之颁布。是以12月11日,该厂沿用旧模重新开铸“大清银币”银元①。 1912年1月,原度支部江宁造币分厂改名为中华民国江南造币厂,刊用了木质关     

绿道建设 不可“大跃进”

<正>集生态、文化、娱乐为—体的绿道建设,因其在很大程度上体现了生态宜居理念、符合当代人们的迫切需求,所以当各地有识之士提出要在几年内建设完整的绿道目标时,即引起了人们的广泛关注。从上述报道中不难看出,绿道建设,不仅可以让人们的步行变得更加有趣,还可以减少汽车对行人的影响,减少碳排放,又可以使自然界的生态系统保持一定的连续性,同时还能增加城市绿化面积,有效改善城市生态环境,让人们尽享原生态的自然之美。但是我们也必须注意到,目前绿道     

布币流通的历史解释

中国的货币常常铸有地名,这些看似零散纷乱的古地名,应是有系统地组合,例如,以单一国家而言,相同地点分别刻铸在不同类型布币上;全面性来看,将这些地名回归地图后,它们有规律地排列,意味着城市发展具有脉络依寻,它可能基于某种因素或优势而发达壮大,否则,地名不会集中在某些区域。货币是商业的产物,具有流通性,今日在非铸币国挖掘出他区货币,正是流通性之展延。不同体系的货币也会彼此影     

ON THE ELUSIVENESS OF CONTEXT

How can we decide the pertinent context in which a given object of historical study should be examined? This question has long puzzled historians. In the field of intellectual history, the Cambridge contextual school represented by Quentin Skinner triggered a series of methodological debates, in part relating to its opaque notion of context; critics have argued that a satisfactory answer to the question—how to recover a relevant context—has yet to be given. This article tackles why the question has continued to elude us. The article demonstrates that it is simply impossible to propose a practical set of guidelines on how to reconstruct a correct context because the identification of the relevant context is presupposed in the logical structure of inference in historical inquiries; identifying a relevant context is logically antecedent to the inquiry. In order to show this, the article deploys Charles Sanders Peirce's theory of inference. Thus the article submits that Skinner conceptualized his method as what Peirce called “abduction,” which specifically seeks authorial intention as an explanatory hypothesis. This observation entails two ramifications in relation to the notion of context. One is that context in Skinner's methodology operates on two levels: heuristic and verificatory. Confusing the two functions of context has resulted in a futile debate over the difficulty of reconstructing context. The other ramification is that abduction always requires some sort of context in order to commence an inquiry, and that context is already known to the inquirer. Any attempt to reconstruct a context also requires yet another context to invoke, thus regressing into the search for relevant contexts ad infinitum. The elusiveness of context is thus inherent in the structure of our logical inference, which, according to Peirce, always begins with abduction.     

试论西周青铜器演变的非均衡性问题

一在中国古代青铜器的分期断代研究中,西周青铜器最受人关注。原因在于西周青铜器的特殊性,即这一时期青铜器上多铸有铭文,而且长篇铭文不少,铭文中出现的国族名、人名、地名、官职名以及所叙事件的内容,往往可与传世文献相印证。文献中的国族名、人名、地名、官职名等有一定的时空范围,从而为西周青铜器年代的推定,提供了非常好的条件。有相当一批西周青铜器年代的划分,可以准确到某个王世。然而由于文献记录的简略,以及各位专家对传世文