中国古代文学中的娱乐精神

"文学关心政治"在中国文学史上有着根深蒂固的传统,然而在中国古代文学的长河中,除文学的政治功用这一主流外,仍不乏有追求文学娱乐精神的细支末流,本文对中国古代文学中的娱乐精神进行了梳理,展示了中国古代文学多姿多彩的一面。     

魏晋玄学与日本物哀文学思潮

在东方古代文学史上,中日文学关系格外密切。中国对日本文学影响很大,特别是中国的魏晋玄学,在思想领域,对日本古代重要的物哀文学思潮产生了极大的影响。本稿着重从时间层面、社会背景层面、文学思潮本身层面、两种文学观差别层面、对社会影响层面考察两种思潮的关系。     

论中国古代文学对韩国文学的影响

中国作为对东亚最为重要的文化古国,对于韩国的文化影响很大,在文学上也是如此,韩、中两国国境相接,政治与经济、社会与文化等等诸多方面有着千丝万缕的联系。中国古代文学成就斐然,影响深远,对于韩国的文学有着如何的影响,本文将从多方面进行研究与探讨。中国古代文学源远流长,产生了很多文学大家,在东亚地区有着很深刻的影响,尤其对日韩两国,韩、中两国国境相接,政治与经济、社会与文化等等诸多方面有着千丝万缕的联系。中国古代文学成就斐然,影响深远,在文化方面,韩民族     

《论语》的文学价值

(一) 《论语》是儒家最重要的一部经典著作。其基本思想代表了孔子的主要思想。此书成于春秋战国之际,至今已有二千余年的历史,极大地影响了漫长的中国封建社会。就中国文学发展的历史来看,《论语》是中国古代早期哲理散文中一部最可靠的书。不可否认,《论语》的编撰者的创作用心不是把它作为文学作品来进行创作。但书中所录孔子及其弟子大量的言谈和行动,给人们展现了众多的生活场面和令人难忘的典型形象。《论语》的语言也明白晓畅,富于形象性,如同与读者侃侃而谈。其理论主张极大地丰富了我国古代文学理论,影响了后世文学的发展。     

郑和下西洋与明代海洋文学

郑和下西洋活动,大大促进了明代航海事业的发展,海上对外交通的繁荣,增长了人们的知识,扩大了人们的眼界。随着人们对海洋的进一步深入了解,更激起人们探索海洋的兴趣,进而大大推动了明代海洋文学的繁荣与发展,这在中国古代文学发展史上,是继宋元海洋文学发展之后的又一座高峰。明代海洋文学产生于宏大的历史背景中,因而它不是一种孤立的文学现象,而是古人海洋活动的再现,是古人生命活动的有机组成,海洋文学创作活动与创作者的视野相互关联,并通过海洋文学的体裁和题材得到深刻的反映和艺术的再现。本文就此作初步探索。     

日本文学的“超政治性”摭议——以古代文学为中心

一个国家或民族的文学的产生和发展 ,都不同程度地反映着一个国家或民族的文化嗜好。无论是中国文学还是日本文学 ,都不例外。但是 ,文学所反映出的民族嗜好 ,都不是在一瞬间突然形成的 ,而是在一个民族漫长的历史、独特的文化传统和习俗风土中逐渐形成的。一、中国古代文学的“政治性格”文学研究家们经常指出 ,中国文学有着很强的政治性。反之 ,文学的“超政治性”却被视为日本文学的传统性格之一。中国文学是政治性很强的文学 ,这是中国文学自古以来的一种传统 ,一种性格 ,这种传统和性格至今仍然一定程度地存在着。在中国文学史上的特定…     

探讨我国古代文学作品中的儒家用世精神

儒家用世精神是我国历史经验与文学积累的产物,具有广泛的使用性,从而形成了我国独特的民族特色和个性。古代文学作品丰富多彩、各有千秋,但其中都包含着儒家文化思想。本文以古代文学作品中的“儒家用世”精神作为研究对象,从不同方面探讨我国文学作品中所体现的儒家用世精神,从而了解儒家用世精神在推动我国文学发展的过程中发挥的重要作用。     

“黄牡丹状元黎遂球”的经典化——从清代学海堂课卷谈起

黄牡丹状元与黎遂球,在岭南文学史上,已经成了一组不可分割,相互注解的词语,更重要的,是这一名衔和人物背后所蕴含的文坛佳话,不仅成为岭南文学史上大书特书的一笔,更演化为岭南文学史上的经典。清代学海堂的文学教学大量地利用了岭南的文化资源,对于岭南古代文学发展过程中积淀下来的文学典故、文学主题有着承继和总结的集大成作用,通过课题的命定、学子的答卷,不断强化、推进,进一步确立了这些文学史符号的经典化。     

曹植诗歌与魏晋六朝的文学发展问题——兼论曹诗风骨及建安风骨问题

魏晋六朝文学对我国古代文学的贡献主要在于艺术形式和艺术技巧的发展,曹植作为建安文学的代表作家无疑是促进一这发展的开风气者。从魏晋六朝文学发展的趋势,来探讨曹植在中古文学史上的地位与作用很有必要。这不仅对加深曹植及建安文学的了解,并且对中国文学发展史的认识都不无意义。现在的有关论著从这个角度来研究的似乎还比较少,故笔者不嫌芹献,拟由此对曹植及有关问题作一番新的探讨,如有谬误不当,深望读者与专家指正。     

“现代中国文学场”国际研讨会

日期1996年1月24至26日地点荷兰莱顿组织单位国际亚洲学研究院（IIAS会议组织人IIAS研究员贺麦晓（MichelHockx）研究文学有两种惯用的方法：内在的和外在的,不是讲文才（text）就是讲语境（context）。中国的文学研究历来也显示出这两种趋向。内在方法常见於中国古代文学研究     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.