天马—曲村周代晋国墓地出土青铜器锈蚀研究

采用等离子体发射光谱 (ICP)、扫描电镜 (SEM)、 X射线电子能谱 (EDAX)、 X射线荧光光谱 (XRF)、金相显微分析等多种理化分析测试手段对天马——曲村周代晋国墓地出土的青铜残片的结构、成分进行了分析检测,比较了合金基体与表面层的成分变化以及表面的结构形貌,并探讨了造成锈蚀的因素以及具有特殊表面层的器物保存较好的原因。结果表明高锡相优先被腐蚀,沿晶界形成腐蚀通道。氯离子可穿过腐蚀层向基体延伸。自然腐蚀导致表面层富集锡、铅、硅、铁。表面富锡和具有各种标准自由能较低的氧化物使得带有特殊表面层的器物保存较好。     

天马—曲村周代晋国墓地出土青铜器锈蚀研究

采用等离子体发射光谱(ICP)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱(EDAX)、X射线荧光光谱(XRF)、金相显微分析等多种理化分析测试手段对天马一曲村周代晋国墓地出土的青铜残片的结构、成分进行了分析检测,比较了合金基体与表面层的成分变化以及表面的结构形貌,并探讨了造成锈蚀的因素以及具有特殊表面层的器物保存较好的原因。结果表明高锡相优先被腐蚀,沿晶界形成腐蚀通道。氯离子可穿过腐蚀层向基体延伸。自然腐蚀导致表面层富集锡、铅、硅、铁。表面富锡和具有各种标准自由能较低的氧化物使得带有特殊表面层的器物保存较好。     

绿漆古铜镜的结构成分分析

运用 SEM,XPS,EPMA,Micro-XRD,IR 及 AAS 等仪器分析手段对两块绿漆古铜镜进行了结构成分分析。结果表明,在铜镜表面层中,Sn、Si 的元素含量远高于合金基体内部;表面层下的过渡层内有 O、C、Cl、P 等生锈元素,并有明显被腐蚀痕迹。文章对表面层下的生锈途径进行了探讨;对绿漆古铜镜的特殊成因进行了探索。古铜镜表面加工过程进行的推测,对青铜文物保护有一定参考价值。     

银货考

银货考［台湾］戴学文ＴＨＥＴＥＸＴＵＡＬＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＯＦＳＩＬＶＥＲＣＵＲＲＥＮＣＹ￥［ＴａｉＷａｎ］ＤａｉＸｕｅｗｅｎ（２６）ＳｉｎｃｅＳｏｎｇＤｙｎａｓｔｙ,ｐｅｏｐｌｅａｌｗａｙｓｐａｉｄａｔｔｅｎｔｉｏｎｔｏｔｈｅｐｅｒｃｅｎｔａｇｅｏｆ...     

JOURNALS on Tibet an Studies(Ⅱ)

ＥＤＩＴＯＲ＇ＳＮＯＴＥ：ＤｉｂａｏｐｕｂｌｉｓｈｅｄｕｎｄｅｒｒｅｉｇｎｏｆＴａｎｇＤｙｎａｓｔｙ（６１８－９０７）ＥｍｐｅｒｏｒＸｕａｎｚｏｎｇ（７１３－７４１）ｓｈｏｕｌｄｂｅｃｏｎｓｉｄｅｒｅｄｔｏｂｅｔｈｅｅａｒｌｉｅｓｔｏｆｉｃｉａｌｎｅ...     

青铜器锈蚀结构组成及形态的比较研究

采用X射线衍射(XRD)、扫描电镜(SEM)、X射线电子能谱(EDS)和金相显微镜(OM)等方法,分析比较了染有“粉状锈”与未染“粉状锈”的典型青铜残片的锈蚀产物的矿物组成、腐蚀层分层结构及金相组织。结果发现,未染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品腐蚀层一般分为二层,外层是二价铜化合物,合金组织中未见α (α δ)组织,锈蚀产物中不含碱式氯化铜;而染有“粉状锈”的青铜样品都含有碱式氯化铜,其断面腐蚀层分三至四层,且每层锈体的结构和元素组成各不相同,在靠近合金基体层的锈层中发现了大量的CuCl存在。结果表明,青铜文物表面锈蚀覆盖层的致密性、空气中的湿度及锈层中CuCl层状分布的存在,是青铜器表面“粉状锈”形成和发展的根本原因。     

明清北京宝源局宝泉局及钱作旧址考

明清北京宝源局宝泉局及钱作旧址考李宪章ＡＲＥＳＥＡＲＣＨＯＮＴＨＥＦＯＲＭＥＲＰＬＡＣＥＯＦＭＩＮＴＳＩＮＢＥＩＪＩＮＧＯＦＭＩＮＧＡＮＤＱＩＮＧＤＹＮＡＳＴＩＥＳ￥ＬｉＸｉａｎｚｈａｎｇ（２０）Ａｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ｂａｓｅｄｏｎｈｉｓｔｏｒｉｃａｌｄ...     

陕西发现用作砝码的藕芯钱

陕西发现用作砝码的藕芯钱余渊ＴＨＥ＂ＯＵＸＩＮ＂（ＬＯＴＵＳＲＯＯＴＣＯＲＥ）ＣＯＩＮＥＸＣＡＶＡＴＥＤＷＩＴＨＢＡＮＬＩＡＮＧＣＯＩＮＯＦ￥ＨＡＮＤＹＮＡＳＴＹＳＨＯＵＬＤＢＥＷＥＩＧＨＴＴＯＷＥＩＧＨＭＯＮＥＹ￥ＹｕＹｕａｎＡｂｓｔｒａｃｔ：Ａｕ...     

江西九江出土南宋江州铅钱牌

江西九江出土南宋江州铅钱牌汪建策ＴＨＥＬＥＡＤＭＯＮＥＹＴＡＢＬＥＴＯＦＪＩＡＮＧＺＨＯＵＯＦＳＯＵＴＨＥＲＮＳＯＮＧＤＹＮＡＳＴＹＥＸＣＡＶＡＴＥＤＩＮＪＩＵＪＩＡＮＧ,ＪＩＡＮＧＸＩＰＲＯＶＩＮＣＥ￥ＷａｎｇＪｉａｎｃｅ（２８）１９９３年４月,江...     

青铜古镜表面层富硅的考察

运用扫描电子显微镜、电子探针微量分析、X射线衍射、原子力显微镜和红外反射光谱等分析手段对16块古青铜镜残片的合金基体及表面层进行了分析比较,结果发现表面层内Cu含量低于基体,而Sn．O的含量则明显增高;表面层内有Si元素的富集,并且是以SiO_2非晶形态存在;对于不同种类的青铜镜,表面层深度不同,含Si量有差异,其表面光亮度和釉质感亦有区别。对古铜镜颜色的变化,SiO_2的保护作用及铜镜表面的加工工艺进行了分析探讨。     

三种铁质文物脱盐处理对表面锈层影响的对比研究

<正>铁质文物在长期埋藏期间,随着腐蚀的进行,土壤中的可溶性盐类就会被结合在表面的锈层中。研究证明,这些盐类,尤其是氯离子(Cl~-),对于铁质文物出土后的腐蚀有促进作用。因此,在铁质文物保护工作中,脱盐处     

银器文物防变色缓蚀作用机理的研究

为探讨银器文物防变色缓蚀作用的机理,用AES和XPS方法研究了缓蚀剂在银表面成膜的厚度和各组分的化学状态,测定了PMTA、MBO、MBI的普通拉曼光谱(NRS),利用表面增强拉曼散射光谱(SERS)研究几种唑系缓蚀剂防止银器文物变色的表面成膜过程,复合缓蚀剂组分与银的相互作用,并讨论了其防变色作用的机理。实验结果表明,PMTA、MBI和MBO与银表面存在着较强的相互作用,由于杂环结构的差异,不同缓蚀剂在银表面上呈现不同的吸附取向,形成了更为致密的防变色保护膜。在成膜溶液中,pH值较小时有利于缓蚀剂吸附,处理时间应不少于120min。成膜溶液和含缓蚀剂的硫化钠溶液中,银电极阴极极化时(外加阴极电位≤600mV的测试范围内),复合缓蚀剂的SERS响应均随电位负移而增强,表明其可有效防止银在腐蚀介质中的变色行为。     

铁器文物脱盐清洗溶液中硅酸盐缓蚀性能的研究

硅酸盐是一种环保型的缓蚀剂,研究水溶液中硅酸盐与铁表面氧化物的相互作用对铁器文物脱盐清洗液的实际应用有较大的指导意义。本工作研究了羟基氧化铁对硅酸盐的吸附作用以及多种因素对Fe/FeOOH/Na_2SiO_3体系电化学行为的影响,并运用XRD技术分析研究了硅酸盐水溶液处理对钢铁表面氧化物形态的影响。结果表明,在Fe/FEOOH/Na_2SiO_3体系中,硅酸盐吸附在钢铁表面羟基氧化物上,反应生成了新的物质,形成了较为致密的缓蚀膜,可同时抑制钢铁的阴、阳极反应,且对阴极反应的抑制作用较强。     

The Use of Neutron Analysis Techniques for Detecting The Concentration And Distribution of Chloride Ions in Archaeological Iron

Chloride (Cl) ions diffuse into iron objects during burial and drive corrosion after excavation. Located under corrosion layers, Cl is inaccessible to many analytical techniques. Neutron analysis offers non‐destructive avenues for determining Cl content and distribution in objects. A pilot study used prompt gamma activation analysis (PGAA) and prompt gamma activation imaging (PGAI) to analyse the bulk concentration and longitudinal distribution of Cl in archaeological iron objects. This correlated with the object corrosion rate measured by oxygen consumption, and compared well with Cl measurement using a specific ion meter. High‐Cl areas were linked with visible damage to the corrosion layers and attack of the iron core. Neutron techniques have significant advantages in the analysis of archaeological metals, including penetration depth and low detection limits.     

X-RAY FLUORESCENCE AND DENSITY MEASUREMENTS ON SURFACE-TREATED ROMAN SILVER COINS*

Some 630 Roman silver coins excavated at Augusta Raurica (Switzerland) have been analysed by non-destructive X-ray fluorescence and X-ray diffraction. Furthermore, the density and the weight have been determined. The measured average density of plated and massive depletion-silvered coins is lower than the density calculated from the chemical composition, whereas massive coins display equal values for both of the densities. Based on experimental X-ray investigations of modern silver (tempering, acid treatment, production of corrosion layers), the nature of corrosion products on silver, their impact on surface analysis, and aspects of wearing-off by circulation are briefly discussed.     

Non-destructive characterization of archeological Cu-based artifacts from the early metallurgy of southern Portugal

In this study, Monte Carlo (MC) simulations combined with energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) spectroscopy have been used to characterize non-destructively a collection of Cu-based artifacts recovered from two archeological sites in southern Portugal: (a) the Chalcolithic E.T.A.R. site of Vila Nova de Mil Fontes and (b) the Middle Bronze Age site of Quinta do Estácio 6. The metal artifacts show a multilayered structure made up of three distinct layers: (a) brownish carbonate soil-derived crust, (b) green oxidized corrosion patina, and (c) bulk metal. In order to assess the reliability of the EDXRF-based Monte Carlo simulations to reproduce the composition of the alloy substrate in archeological bronze artifacts without the need to previously remove the superficial corrosion and soil derived patinas, EDXRF analysis together with scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDS) was also performed on cleaned and patina-/crust-coated areas of the artifacts. Characterization of the mineralogical composition of the corrosion products in the surface patinas was further determined by means of X-ray diffraction (XRD). Results suggest that the adopted EDXRF/Monte Carlo protocol may represent a safe and fast analytical approach in the quantitative characterization of the bulk chemical composition of Cu-based metal artifacts even in the presence of fairly thick corrosion patinas and/or soil-derived encrustations at the surface of the archeological objects.     

AN ASSESSMENT OF COMPOSITIONAL AND MORPHOLOGICAL CHANGES IN MODEL ARCHAEOLOGICAL GLASSES IN AN ACID BURIAL MATRIX

The degradation mechanisms of glass in a buried context result in surfaces that have been depleted in various elements. The stability of the glass is primarily affected by the burial environment and the glass composition. However, in all archaeological glasses, the corroded layer that is formed on the surface tends to be low in alkalis, high in silica and lacking in cohesion. The extent to which the material has degraded, along with the physical nature of the corrosion, has a profound effect upon a wide range of factors affecting the stability of artefacts, as well as the choice of conservation techniques to be employed. This study has a number of objectives: determination of the morphology of the surface of the leached layer in glasses of two different compositions with different surface finishes; examination of the transition between the corroded material and the unaffected substrate; and investigation of concentration profile of different elements within the surface layers, as a function of depth. The study uses two glasses, fabricated under laboratory conditions, to replicate two common glass types found in the historical environment; a soda–lime–silica glass typical of those found in the Roman period throughout the Mediterranean and northwestern Europe, and high‐lime–potash glasses typical of those of Western Europe in the late medieval period. Three different surfaces have been prepared to mimic alternative manufacturing techniques such as blown, cast and ground surfaces for each composition. The glasses have been corroded under controlled laboratory conditions to replicate the buried environment. Imaging and chemical information is obtained using SEM–EDX and morphological information using IFM to produce 3‐D mapping from topographical surfaces.     

一件东汉时期铜鼓的分析与保护研究

本文对一件东汉时期铜鼓的保存状况和病害进行了初步调查,并采用金相显微镜、X-射线荧光光谱分析仪(XRF)、X-射线衍射仪(XRD)等仪器分析了铜鼓本体材质及其腐蚀产物。结果表明,该铜鼓本体材质为典型的铜锡铅三元合金,推测为泥范法铸造:铜鼓锈蚀产物主要是孔雀石,此外夹杂有针铁矿和石英。根据检测结果,结合局部实验效果,对铜鼓采取了表面清理、脱盐清洗、缓蚀、封护等针对性的保护处理措施。历经三年多沿海地区馆藏环境的考验,铜鼓保存状况稳定。     

重庆忠县洞天堡墓地出土西汉青铜钫的腐蚀研究

为了解重庆洞天堡墓地出土青铜器的保存状况、腐蚀产物种类和埋藏环境特征等,并探索其锈蚀成因,为即将进行的保护修复工作提供科学的依据,利用三维视频显微镜、激光共聚焦拉曼光谱仪和扫描电子显微镜等对重庆忠县洞天堡墓地出土青铜钫残片进行微观形貌观察和锈蚀物结构成分分析,并利用X射线荧光和微生物分析技术对青铜钫附着土壤进行成分和微生物分析。结果表明:该青铜钫锈蚀物含孔雀石、白铅矿、铅钒、磷氯铅矿、砷铅矿和赤铜矿等;外层锈蚀存在磷和氯元素富集现象;土壤中的磷、硫和氯等元素向青铜器迁移,青铜器中铜、锡和铅元素因腐蚀向土壤中流失;附着土富含多种真菌类微生物,促进了磷氯铅矿和砷铅矿的形成。     

SEM and electrochemical characterization of bronze artifacts from the Francavilla archaeological site

The excavations in the necropolis of the Francavilla Marittima archaeological area, in Calabria, have brought to light the rich burial artifacts and materials, dated between the end of the ninth and sixth centuries BCE. SEM/EDS analysis was conducted on some sections taken from a bronze artifact classifiable as an armilla or fibula fragment. Our aim was to elucidate the nature of the corrosion processes acting on the specimen. SEM investigation detected the segregation of tin towards the outer layer and a depletion of the copper content in the same region. Furthermore, the elemental distribution maps of the sections analyzed evidenced the presence of chloride ions in the border area between the corrosion patina and the metal alloy. Such anion migration of chloride ions into the interior of the alloy leads to a particular variant of the type of corrosion of structure that in the literature has been identified as structure I.A cavity electrode designed for electrochemical measurements of powders was used to perform cyclic voltammetry experiments devoted to explore the activity of the patina covering the surface of the bronze fragment. The surface layer consists mainly of tin and tin oxides; the layer immediately beneath it contains copper oxides. An increase of reactivity was shown in an acidic environment. The activity of the patina is greatly reduced at pH 5 and appears to be zero at neutral pH.