万历年间矿业政策的论争

中国古代的矿业,是一种素称发达的手工业。它是封建社会经济的一个重要组成部分。特别是到了封建社会后期,随着商品货币经济的日益发展,矿业在国民经济中的地位不断上升,在社会经济生活和封建国家财政收入中所占的比重也越来越大。因此,历代封建政府都十分重视矿业的生产和管理。在这个过程中,矿业政策的制定和调整往往是统治阶级内部争     

试论北宋户籍管理的特点

北宋是中国传统社会人口的急速发展期,也是中国古代封建社会的成熟时期。而户籍作为国家控制社会的重要手段,历来受到政府的重视。北宋的户籍管理在历朝的基础上不断发展和完善,并呈现出了许多新的特点。它开始与赋役制度分离,有着户籍编制和户种复杂多样、不计女口、户帖使用频繁、户等制度和户口调查统计制度更为完善等特点。     

陶塑

正中国陶塑早在新石器时代就已出现。秦汉两代已有很大的发展,质朴劲健是其主要特征。三国两晋南北朝时期,战争频繁,社会动荡,陶塑艺术发展缓慢。到了隋唐尤其是盛唐时期,社会经济空前发展,贵族阶层厚葬之风盛行,作为随葬明器的陶塑在艺术上取得快速发展。宋代以后封建社会进入后期和末期,随着社会思想意识的转变,宗教信仰较之以前逐渐淡漠,对于死后的墓葬礼仪也趋于     

语言与历史:清代"人丁"概念的异变

"人丁"一词在漫长的中国封建社会中曾经有着非常高的使用率,属制度性词汇,为政府财政税收的专业术语,不仅在社会管理中,而且在人们的生活中广泛流行。但是到封建社会晚期,随着社会经济的发展以及政府税收制度的变革,"人丁"概念的内涵发生本质性变化,并且逐渐在人们的语境中消失。     

明代宫中财政述略

明代宫中财政是明代国家财政的一部分,它不仅与“掌天下户口田粮之政令”的户部息息相通,而且每时每刻都在影响着整个封建王朝的社会经济,因此了解其具体状况,弄清它是采用什么手段敛财,又是怎样奢费的,对研究宫中用度的奢简与帝王求治的关系、宫中奢费与宦官的关系、以及明代宫中财政的特征和历史地位等问题都是很有意义的。鉴于史料零散缺佚,兹掇拾残简试述,以求史学同仁指教。     

清代中叶北疆开发述论

十八世纪是中国封建社会历史发展的高峰时期,当时国力强盛,四海升平,经济、文化,发展鼎盛。中国封建社会发展的这种历史现象,不仅仅出现在中原地区,在遥远的边疆也发生了程度不同的变化,尤其是清朝政府的移民边疆,屯垦开发,发展经济的边疆开发政策,对边疆地区社会秩序的稳定,经济发展产生了深刻的影响。但是,对于十八世纪蒙古社会政治、经济、文化的发展水平,清朝的边疆民族政策;统一多民族国家形成的历史意义等,史学界还存在不同的看法,需要进一步展开研究和讨论。     

简评《闭关与开放：中国封建晚期对外关系研究》

简评《闭关与开放：中国封建晚期对外关系研究》楚秦当代中国改革开放十几年,促进了中国经济和社会的巨大发展。然而,在历史上,特别是在西方近代资本主义快速崛起的同时,中国封建社会晚期即明清时期,在对外交往中是一种什么情形呢？对于后世有些什么可资借鉴的经验教...     

试论两汉魏晋南北朝时期宰相制度的发展

宰相制度是中国封建社会时期的重要政治制度。两汉魏晋南北朝时期是宰相制度发展的重要阶段,宰相制由两汉的三公制发展到隋唐时期的三省制。本文说明了宰相制度在两汉魏晋南北朝时期的发展,并着重讨论了这个时期各个阶段谁为宰相的问题。     

清代前期农村的高利贷资本

高利贷资本与地主制经济、商业资本都是中国封建社会重要的经济形态。在中国封建社会中,高利贷资本向封建贵族、官吏、地主和商人放债,其中尤以向农民政债,对社会经济的影响最大。本文拟从高利贷资本与农民经济关系的角度,对清代前期农村高利贷资本的发展问题,作点粗略探讨。（一）中国封建社会的农村,有着多种性质的借贷关系。封建政权、封建地主与农民之间,有低利息或无利息的借贷,如赈贷。常平仓、社仓、义仓等的借贷,以及农民之间互助性质的结会借贷等等,这些都不属于高利贷的范畴。以高利息率为特征的高利贷,则是封建社会农…     

在危机中开创生机:评武周时期的逃户措施及其意义

武周后期户口大量逃亡,对社会经济带来很大的冲击.武则天从深远和实际的利益着手,突破常规,改变逃户的法律地位,采取积极的诱导和安抚,且辅佐刑令的宽猛相济、灵活合理的户口政策,使逃户得以复籍安身.武则天的逃户措施,是一场重大和影响深远的社会经济改革.它不但化解了逃户问题所可能引起的危机,还从危机中为日益困难的财政创造生机.它的成功经验为日后朝廷制定逃户政策带来了重要的启示.更值得重视的是,它也是中国古代专制王朝从用严刑峻法取缔逃户,发展到以彻底修改法令正式承认逃户合法性的一个重要过渡.     

Climate and energy security policies and measures: synergies and conflicts

Concerns about climate and energy security are leading to increased government intervention in the energy sector, in particular as they relate to the choice of energy supply options. While many of these options will improve both energy and climate security, many measures will benefit one while harming the other. This raises an important question for governments and energy planners: how can conflicts between climate and energy security be resolved? This article outlines some of the barriers and problems that may arise as governments and companies try to address climate and energy security concerns simultaneously in various energy supply areas. It concludes by arguing against choosing one objective over the other, and by outlining steps that can be taken to help resolve conflicts between the two agendas.     

我和我的兄弟姐妹

1938年．我出生在金沙江畔一个叫巴塘的小县城里。生在哪一天．至今不知道．因此．六十多年过去了．我从来也没有过过生日。     

Challenger and Chernobyl Lessons and Reflections

Abstract

It is argued that Psychological research on 'race' and 'ethnicity' issues presents a number of ethical problems. These relate to the sociopolitical impact of such research, particularly when it purports to find differences of an 'innate' character; to the use of naive subjects, particularly children, in research which is aimed at demonstrating their 'inferiority'; and, within the academic community itself, to the working relationships between researchers who believe in 'innate' 'race' differences and colleagues belonging to allegedly 'inferior' groups – this being particularly significant within a teaching environment. Although the 'race differences' question has a long and controversial history, ethical issues relating to the research process itself have received less focused attention. Moreover, replacement of the genetically obsolete concept of 'race' with the idea of 'ethnicity' does not solve the problem entirely, and the term 'ethnicity' is itself unsatisfactory in several respects.     

Power and Ethnicity History and Anthropology

This essay reflects on the relationship between anthropological and historical scholarship of ethnicity, picking up on themes explored by Andre Gingrich, by considering the epistemological and evidentiary limitations of social scientific and historical analysis and reconstruction. Beginning with the consideration of the pioneering transdisciplinary efforts of Robert Darnton and Clifford Geertz, it argues that many of the weaknesses ascribed to such efforts are actually part of the nature of social scientific investigation which, in the terms of Peter Winch, must take into account two sets of relationships: that of the relationship between the scientist and the phenomena that he or she observes and the symbolic system that he or she shares with other scientists, which can only be understood from the social context of common activity. How these two relationships challenge social scientific analysis of ethnicity are examined through a consideration of the difficulties of applying Anthony Smith's definition of an ethnie to either Fredrik Barth's classic essay on “Pathan Identity and its Maintenance” or Helmut Reimitz's study of Frankish identity. It concludes that neither anthropologists nor historians are simply describing societies as they are or as they were but rather attempt to describe societies as witnesses within them thought they should be, and we do this for our own society, not for those of the participants, past or present.     

Of Demons and Angels and Historical Humans: Some Events and Questions in Translation and Post-colonial Theory

In what follows, I attempt to show that a look at some curious examples of translations from European texts makes us think about issues in translation theory and post-colonial theory from a slightly different angle. The metaphor of translation can very well be employed for understanding the relation between European texts, and some texts and some social and political practices in India in the colonial period, and this in turn helps us look critically at what I shall call our fuzzy post-colonialism. I also argue that Walter Benjamin's metaphor of translation as the after-life of a work can be extended to posit two basic modes of after-life.     

后伊拉克时代与中国的内政外交--普遍主义与单边主义的冲突

"9·11"事件后,冷战后的国际政治格局发生了重大变化.其最大特征可以概括为以下两点:第一,确立了以唯一超级大国--美国为核心的以反恐为普遍主义的全球性安全阵线;第二,美国的爱国主义、民族主义戏剧性地高涨起来.就像当时有人强调因为全世界有60多个国家的人在世界贸易中心工作,所以对世贸中心的攻击就是对全世界的攻击那样,在美国国民中普遍存在着这样的观点:因为美国社会自身就是世界的缩影,所以星条旗也可被看作是超越一国国界的全人类的普遍象征.