“华光礁Ⅰ号”南宋沉船船体构件的用材分析

对"华光礁Ⅰ号"出水的南宋沉船船体构件第1～6层板、龙骨、立柱等31个样本进行了树种的鉴定。结果表明:"华光礁Ⅰ号"船体木材树种有松科、柏科、樟科、杉科、大戟科等,松科居多;木材主要来自华中、华南地区,这些地区是中国历史上重要的造船用材产地。同时分析了该船不同构件所用木材的特点及来源,并对造船用材与树种进行了比较。"华光礁Ⅰ号"沉船构件用材表明,古代匠人非常熟悉各种木材的性质,并能根据材料的特性使用在船只的不同部位。     

浙江宁波象山“小白礁I号”清代沉船树种鉴定和用材分析

"小白礁I号"清代沉船遗址位于浙江省宁波市象山县石浦镇东南约26海里的渔山列岛海域,于2008年首次发现,计划于2014年将沉船船体发掘出水。为了从多方面了解"小白礁I号"沉船的特点,考察其建造地点及造船工艺方面的有关问题,制定出水船体保护方案,为此,分别从龙骨、肋骨、隔舱板、船底板等多个部位对船体木材采样进行了种属鉴定。种属鉴定结果表明,"小白礁I号"沉船船体所用木材多为龙脑香科、马鞭草科和山榄科等阔叶硬材,且多产于东南亚热带地区而在我国较少分布,有别于我国以往考古发现的古船。"小白礁I号"沉船用材及保存状况的了解为船体发掘出水后的保护修复工作创造了非常有利的条件。     

太仓半泾河古船难溶盐脱除效果研究

太仓半泾河古船是近海河道出土的古船,在保护修复工作开展前期,需采取脱盐处理。为全面了解船木含盐情况,针对不同部位不同树种船木样品中的盐分种类与含量进行检测与分析,结果表明:船木所含的难溶盐以硫铁化合物为代表,部分含有FeS_2。船木颜色发黑与船材中的铁离子有关,铁离子主要来源于船上的铁钉,采用金属螯合剂发生螯合反应进行脱除。通过对比研究EDTAHO(EDTA-2Na和H_2O_2复配试剂)、EDTA-2Na和NaH_2PO_4·2H_2O浸泡法的脱盐效果,发现1 000 mL体积分数0.4%中性EDTA-2Na溶液脱盐综合效果最好,44 d内进行两次脱盐可以把铁离子的质量浓度控制在1 mg/L内。通过便携式色差仪检测脱盐后样品的L、a、b值计算色差ΔE接近健康材,且对综纤维素和木质素的损伤最小。最终选用EDTA-2Na作为太仓古船的难溶盐脱除试剂。本研究结果可为后续保存工作提供有利条件。     

太仓半泾河古船可溶盐脱除技术研究

太仓半泾河古船发掘于近海河道,在保护修复工作开展前期,需采取脱盐处理。为全面了解船木含盐情况,针对不同部位不同树种的船体样品中的盐分种类与含量进行检测与分析。结果表明:船体样品所含以Cl~-和SO_4~(2-)为代表的可溶盐,采用超声波辅助加热去离子水浸泡法脱除,20 d可将Cl~-含量控制在1 mg/L,100 d可将SO_4~(2-)含量控制在1 mg/L。本研究结果可为后续保存工作提供有利条件。     

晋东南古建筑木结构用材树种鉴定研究

<正>木材树种鉴定是古建筑木结构维修与保护的基础性工作。通过对用材树种的鉴定,一方面能了解木材的材性,为木构件的保护维修与更换提供重要依据;另一方面有助于深入分析与研究古建筑木材     

太仓万丰村半泾河古船船材主要离子的测试研究

为做好太仓万丰村半泾河古船的脱盐保护工作,本研究检测了半泾河古船的第6、7隔舱板和第8隔舱龙骨及船板下淤泥样品中主要元素和离子的含量,并用电导率仪测量样品在脱盐过程中电导率的变化情况。检测结果表明,木材和淤泥中的主要元素含量高于对照样品,且主要以可溶性盐的状态存在;木材腐蚀程度也与其离子含量有关,腐蚀程度愈严重,样品的离子含量也愈大;经过脱盐处理后,脱盐溶液的电导率值降低至较低水平。测试数据将对今后古船脱盐工作有一定的指导意义。     

元代蓬莱古船加固技术

介绍了在山东省蓬莱市登州港发掘的蓬莱古船在保护过程中采取的“■料”修复技术、聚醋酸乙烯脂丙酮溶液喷涂船全加固技术以及生桐油喷涂船体保护技术。     

泉州湾宋代海船保存现状的调查研究

作为国内乃至亚洲大型海洋出水木质文物保护的先例,泉州湾宋代海船自出土至今已保存近40年,经过多年来综合性地保护修复,其保存现状值得关注。本文通过对古船保存环境、船体构件保存状况、船体病害、材质状况的调查分析,综合评估船体保存现状,分析影响古船稳定保存的主要因素,从而为后续的保护工作奠定基础。     

建水指林寺大殿木构件材种鉴定及配置研究

木材树种的鉴定是古木结构建筑维修和保护的基础性工作。为配合建水县指林寺大殿修缮保护的需要,为修缮树种选用提供依据,了解木文化的特点。本研究对建水指林寺大殿古建筑主要木构件进行了树种鉴定及对材种配置调查分析。采用切片、显微镜拍照、宏观和微观特征分析等方法,对700个试样进行了树种鉴定。结果表明建水指林寺大殿的木构件共有4个树种,分别是硬木松(Pinus sp.)、白青冈(Cyclobalanopsis sp.)、格木(Erythrophleum sp.)和荷木(Schima sp.)。通过材种配置分析可得指林寺大殿木构件在选材方面达到很高水平,不仅反应了建造年代,而且体现修缮的特性。     

出水海洋古沉船的保护

一、海洋古沉船的保护处理1,海洋古船木材的材质变化在海洋水底环境下,古船木材材质受埋藏环境的生物、物理和化学作用,发生了不同程度侵蚀变化。(1)古船木的化学成分发生变化:木材是由植物细胞所构成,细胞壁是木材的主体。其主要成分是纤维素(占45～50%)、半纤维素(占20～35%)、木素(占15～35%)。受埋藏环境的微生物和化学的分解作用,古船木材的纤维素和半纤维素不同程度下降。破坏较严重的船木纤维素甚至降到15%以下,即构成木材主要成分的纤维素已损失2/3以上。手按感觉较软,机械强度很弱,自然干后会萎缩变形。(2)古船木的细胞结构发生变化:从饱水古船切片的显微镜观察     

To be and to continue being a cog: the conservation of the Bremen Cog of 1380

The conservation project for the Bremen Cog of 1380 took 38 years from salvage to presentation of the ship to the public in the Deutsches Schiffahrtsmuseum in 2000. The ship was salvaged from the River Weser in about 2000 pieces, and stored in water tanks. A new museum was built, and the Cog reassembled from the waterlogged timbers. The ship was reconstructed with most of the weight being taken by the ceiling of the hall via a steel-rod hanging system. Then a conservation tank was built around the hull, and a novel two-step PEG-treatment applied, especially developed for the Cog. In two consecutive baths PEG 200 and PEG 3000 stabilized lesser degraded and heavily degraded wood against shrinkage, splitting, and warping. After cleaning, the wood looks dark brown, dry, and natural. The extraordinary project is regarded a success.     

A 9th-century Arab or Indian shipwreck in Indonesian waters

The article describes in some detail the structural features of a 9th-century shipwreck that was recently found in Indonesian waters. The principle features of the wreck include planks joined by stitching with wadding inboard and outboard of the hull, a sharp bow with little rake, stitched-in frames, through-beams stitched to the hull, removable ceiling planks, a keelson and stringers, and a composite iron and wood anchor. These characteristics are shown to be those of ancient Arab and Indian vessels. Identification of several timber species confirms that the ship was constructed in the western Indian Ocean region. The cargo provides strong evidence for China as the place of lading. © 2000 The Nautical Archaeology Society     

“小白礁Ⅰ号”沉船部分木质文物微生物病害观察与损伤评估

为掌握宁波"小白礁Ⅰ号"古沉船船体结构的状况,以及为该沉船的后续保护提供科学依据,本研究利用光学显微镜和电子显微镜技术,在显微和亚显微水平上观察了该沉船部分木质文物的组织和细胞结构。观察分析发现,对该沉船木质文物有较大影响的微生物主要是侵蚀细菌(Erosion bacteria,EB)和钻管细菌(Tunneling bacteria,TB);借助文献提供的标准,评估了该沉船不同部位木质文物的结构现状及不同备检样品中的细菌的侵蚀程度。评价结果表明沉船木质文物的侵蚀情况从轻度到完全损坏程度不同。本研究也分析了导致木质文物损伤程度差异的原因,并根据分析结果就该沉船木质文物保护涉及的生物学问题提出了建议。     

Tikal timbers and temples: ancient Maya agroforestry and the end of time

Tikal, a major lowland Maya civic-ceremonial center in the heart of the Petén region of Central America, relied heavily on the adjacent lowland rainforest as a resource base for fuel and construction materials. In this study, we analyzed 135 wood samples from timbers used in the construction of all six of the city's major temples as well as two major palaces to determine which tree species were being exploited and to better understand ancient Maya agroforestry practices during the Late Classic period. We found evidence for a change in preference from the large-growing, upland forest species, Manilkara zapota, to a seasonal wetland species Haematoxylon campechianum in A.D. 741 as well as a decrease in lintel beam widths over time. Though M. zapota later returned as the wood species of choice in A.D. 810, beam widths were found to be significantly smaller. These findings concur with models that hypothesize widespread deforestation during the Late Classic period and indicate a declining forest resource base by the 9th century A.D. Because of the many large timbers available for temple construction in the 8th century, some system of forest conservation is indicated for the ancient Maya prior to the Late Classic period.     

Maʻagan Mikhael B,Israel: a preliminary report of a Late Byzantine–Early Islamic period shipwreck

The Ma?agan Mikhael B shipwreck was found in 1.5m of water, beneath 1.5m of sand, 70m off the Mediterranean coast of Israel. The hull remains are in a good state of preservation, comprising the endposts, aprons, framing timbers, hull planks, stringers, and bulkheads. The finds comprise rigging elements, wooden artefacts, organic finds, animal bones, glassware, coins, bricks, stones, ceramic sherds, and complete amphoras. The shipwreck was dated to the 7th–8th centuries AD; which makes it an exceptional source of information regarding various aspects of ship construction, seamanship, and seafaring in the area in Late Antiquity.     

泉州湾宋代海船保护40年回顾、现状与分析

泉州湾宋代海船的保护是我国上海洋出水大型古沉船保护的先例,具有自己的特点。泉州宋船使用先复原再经4年多缓慢自然阴干脱水的方式成功地保存了船体,而早期保护未脱盐及复原时使用大量铁钉给后期保存带来了严重破坏性后果。目前,船体经过40年的保护,整体结构基本稳定,但由于难以彻底解决早期保护遗留的问题,在开放式的保存条件下,其长期稳定保存难以实现。因此,综合现状与保护分析,从控制船体保存环境入手,尽可能抑制或延缓各种物理、化学与生物作用,是当前阻止船木继续劣变,延长船体寿命的最有效可行的途径。     

Construction Features of Doel 1, a 14th‐Century Cog found in Flanders

In 2000, a well‐preserved, c.21 m‐long shipwreck, Doel 1, was found upside‐down in a silted‐up creek near the river Scheldt (Belgium). An interdisciplinary research project was initiated, including 3D registration of all timbers, wood species identification, dendrochronology and archaeobotanical analysis of the caulking material. Doel 1, of which 70% is preserved, displays the construction features of a cog. Unseasoned wood was used and dated by dendrochronology to AD 1325/26. Remarkable features include the symmetrical layout of the bottom planks, the atypical arrangement of the frames to the fore, and evidence of partial dissassembly of the ship after intensive use.     

New data on relevant ancient Egyptian wooden artifacts: Identification of wooden species and study of the state of conservation with multidisciplinary analyses

Wood species identification and characterization of its weathering processes are crucial steps in the scientific approach of conservation of wooden cultural heritage. Many precious wooden objects of ancient Egypt are largely present in museums, nevertheless relatively little information is available concerning the nature of timber used and on their status of conservation. To address this gap, the wooden species of three relevant archaeological wood objects (statue, box, and coffin) arising from different Egyptian archaeological sites dated from the Old Kingdom (2,686–2,181 BC) to New Kingdom (1,550–1,069 BC) were deeply studied. Five hardwood and softwood species were identified belonging to Tamarix mannifera, T. gennessarensis, Ficus sycomorus, Vachellia nilotica, and Cedrus sp. Such data confirmed the recurrence of Vachellia and Tamarix among the most common timbers found in ancient Egypt. Scanning electron microscope, Fourier transform spectroscopy, and synchrotron x-ray radiation diffraction were conducted to evaluate the archaeological wood deterioration. The formation of microcracks, biological degradation patterns (fungal colonization), or chemical characterization (accumulation of salts on and in-between wooden cells) were detected. SEM micrographs showed the presence of fungal hyphae and conidial spores on the wooden cells. Significant changes in the chemical wood composition and decrease in the crystallinity index were detected.     

Dendrochronological Dating and Provenancing of Timbers from the Arade 1 Shipwreck,Portugal

As part of a larger project promoting the development of historical dendrochronology in the Iberian Peninsula, ship‐timbers from the Arade 1 wreck (mostly planking and framing elements), stored at the DANS/IGESPAR in Lisbon, were examined. Of these, 52 samples were identified as deciduous oak (Quercus subg. quercus) and two as chestnut (Castanea sativa). Of 24 timbers selected for dendrochronological research, 23 could be dated, placing the origin of the wood in western France and the felling of trees between AD 1579 and 1583. Their homogeneity suggests they are part of the original construction, which probably took place shortly after AD 1583. © 2012 The Authors