Lithic Artefacts as a Source of Cultural,Social and Economic Information: the evidence from Aksum,Ethiopia

Extended research covering an area of approximately 300 sq km centered on the ancient metropolis of Aksum has revealed a coherent sequence of development in stone tool production and use spanning most of the last millennium BC and the first millennium AD. It has provided new evidence of the presence of multiple independent lithic traditions in the Pre-Aksumite period, and of Aksumite social and economic organization. This paper summarizes the results of the detailed study of a large corpus of excavated and surface-collected lithics, emphasizing their functional characteristics.

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Résumé  De vastes recherches couvrant sur une superficie d’environ 300 kilomètres carrés et concentrées sur l’ancienne métropole d’Aksoum ont mis à jour une série cohérente de développements dans la production et l’utilisation d’outils de pierre au cours du dernier millénaire avant J.C. et du premier millénaire après J.C. Ces recherches ont fourni de nouvelles informations sur la présence de multiples traditions lithiques indépendantes durant la période pré-aksoumite, et sur l’organisation sociale et économique des Aksoumites. Cet article présente les résultats d’une étude détailée portant sur un large répertoire de vestiges lithiques recueillis au cours de fouilles et collectes de surface, et met en exergue leurs caractéristiques fonctionnelles.

     

20世纪陕西考古发现述略

陕西地处黄河中游地区,山川河流纵横交错,春秋季节气候宜人。其北部是一望无际的黄土高原,逶迤起伏,婉婉相连;南部有鱼米之乡的汉中盆地,山青水秀,人杰地灵。巍峨险峻的华岳、终南,太白诸峰连成的秦岭山脉横贯省境,涛涛不息的渭水东西向穿越美丽、富饶的八百里秦川。陕西独特的历史地位和丰富的文化遗存,在中华文明史上处于非常突出的地位。近代考古学传入中国以来,学者们曾经多次在此地进行田野勘察,在陕北、关中西部和东部等地多有发现。本世界50年代起,以西安东郊半坡村新石器时期大型聚落遗址的发掘为开端,各地陆续发现了…     

文化相遇的方法论:以17世纪中欧文化相遇为例

本文以他者哲学为出发点,结合文化传播学的理论,研究文化相遇历史的方法论。作者首先讨论了曾应用于明末清初中欧文化相遇研究的三种不同框架:一是以传播者(即传教士)及其贡献、影响为主体的传播类框架;二是以文化传播的接受者为研究主体的接受类框架(如"中国中心观");三是创新类框架,指向接受者及其文化的形象是被文化传播者建构出来的这一符号事实;随后提出了第四种互动交流类框架,通过强调传播者、接受者互动过程的双向性,对前三类框架做出进一步的改进。作者认为,研究关注的主要焦点,应是传播者与接受者之间交换的结果:新的文化产品(一种文本、一个形象,或是社会网络)。历史研究实际上是"关于他者的艺术",通过它历史学家接受自己的身份也是被他者所塑造的。对他时、他地、他文化的文化重构不仅需要历史学家去观察,历史学家自身也要允许被观察。     

10—13世纪西欧修道院经济繁荣原因初探

西欧修道院经济在10—13世纪得到迅速发展,不断增加的土地巩固了修道院农业发展的基础,领先的生产技术和先进的农田管理是修道院农业和手工业发展的内在动力,经济特权与豁免权成为修道院经济发展的促进力量,充足的劳动力为修道院经济的发展提供了人力保障。     

论16世纪英国经济一体化发展及其影响

本文认为16世纪是英国社会重要转型期,此间英国社会发生了深刻的变化,主要体现为农本经济的松弛解体、市场商品经济的普遍发展,最终形成国内经济的早期一体化发展格局和开放性的对外贸易体制,而这正是近代英国率先成功地实现社会转型的关键因素。     

Predicting the Fate of Artefacts in Energetic, Shallow Marine Environments: an Approach to Site Management

A poor understanding of the physical environment often hinders management of marine artefacts. A study was conducted of an early-18th-century shipwreck to test whether the wreckage could have settled through ∼3.5 m of substrate. Results indicate that the wreck could have settled via episodic scour processes driven by storms and tidal inlet migration. A numerical model, modified to include characteristics of the underlying geology, predicts continued scour under moderate waves. Scour processes appear to have been interrupted by an erosion-resistant underlying layer, so that the wreck now remains exposed, subject to degradation. A generalized approach to predict burial or exposure of other shallow-water artefacts is developed.
© 2006 The Authors     

Constitutionalists,Despots, Whigs,and Revisionists: Tudor Parliamentary History in the 20th Century

The 20th century was the great age of Tudor parliamentary history. This essay examines the contributions and profound changes to the field made by the leading historians of the era, especially Sir John Neale and Sir Geoffrey Elton. Taking as its starting point the whiggish ideas of Stubbs's Constitutional History of England, it traces the impact of A.F. Pollard, G.M. Trevelyan, and Sir Lewis Namier on the field. At its core, though, lie the often acrimonious differences of opinion between Neale and his pupil, Elton. For Neale the Elizabethan parliaments were characterised by an increasingly puritanical Commons eager to wrest control of debates on religion and the succession away from the queen. In so doing this created a constitutional clash that would eventually lead to civil war in the mid 17th century. This ‘orthodoxy’ was savagely critiqued by a revisionist ‘school’ led by Elton that dismantled the interpretation of Neale and replaced it with an institution that was not dominated by political conflict but by largely consensual politics. It was also a position that gave equal weight to the Lords and to the importance of the business of parliament – legislation. The revisionists were masters of critique and highly effective at demolishing Neale, but did little to replace his theories or to explain religio‐political conflict – in doing so it could be argued that they killed the subject. The essay ends by suggesting some new approaches to Tudor parliaments that could help revitalise the subject.     

20世纪以来菲律宾华人文化认同的嬗变——以菲律宾华文文学为视角

论文从"华侨文学""华人文学""华族文学"三个阶段,梳理了菲律宾华文文学的发展历程,对各个不同发展阶段所蕴含的文化认同进行分析,并从中透视菲律宾华人文化认同的嬗变。菲律宾华人的称谓经历了从"华侨"、"华人"到"华族"的历史演变,这是菲律宾华人从移民群体向定居群体转化的结果,也是其客观社会身份和主观认同变化的结果。20世纪以来,菲律宾华人的文化认同经历了一个动态的嬗变过程,由"地域乡愁"转到"文化中国",直至"文化融合"。时至今日,在多元文化的交流与碰撞中,菲律宾华人的文化认同仍然处于演变与形塑的过程中,其文化认同的后续嬗变有待进一步观察。     

文明交往视阈下16世纪布哈拉汗国的经济发展

1500年布哈拉汗国的建立拉开了中亚近代史的序幕。乌兹别克人的南下加快了河中地区游牧文明与农耕文明的交往,促使汗国经济发展步入转折期。在继承和变革帖木儿王朝经济制度的前提下,16世纪汗国的农牧经济得到恢复和发展,手工业进一步完善,对外贸易重新活跃,从而对中亚近代文明交往产生了深远影响。乌兹别克人在与河中地区各民族频繁交往的过程中,其经济生活逐渐转向农业,并接受中亚传统的伊斯兰教,从而实现了中亚农耕文明和伊斯兰文化的传承与发展。     

The Political Mistress: Intimacy,Emotion, and Parliamentary Politics in the Late 18th Century

Between c.1796 and 1809, Lady Harriet Ponsonby, Countess Bessborough and Lord Granville Leveson Gower were embroiled in a passionate affair. Their liaison created tensions in aristocratic society because they belonged to rival political parties, the Whigs and the Tories respectively. In the early years of their relationship, Leveson Gower was emerging on the political scene, while the countess was already well-versed in the complexities of party politics. Leveson Gower thus solicited her advice and support and Bessborough duly shared her knowledge and insight into the political world, which created an unusual dynamic that scholars have yet to explore. This article examines several letters that Bessborough wrote to Leveson Gower to analyse how she supported her lover's fledgling parliamentary career and how she navigated their political differences. I argue that Bessborough adapted a rhetoric of affection, deference, duty, and loyalty, that was typically used by aristocratic wives, to justify her interest in her lover's career and her passion for parliamentary politics. This article contributes to scholarship that explores aristocratic women's political participation by examining the strategies a political mistress could employ to exert influence over men. It also illustrates the value of using methodologies from the history of emotions to investigate the drives and passions that shaped interactions in the late 18th-century political sphere.     

历史、文化与民族:20世纪前期中国文化史的兴起

20世纪初,西方“文化”概念成为整理传统中国历史遗产的重要概念工具。国人编纂文化史有意展现传统中国的文化成就,反映出中西文化竞争下,国人隐秘的文化争胜意识。“文化”与“历史”结合,逐渐成为历史叙事的核心概念。文化史在史学研究的对象、价值判断、时代分期、研究方法等方面发展出自身特征,亦反映出西方文明史、文化史在理论和实践方面对中国“新史学”的影响。文化史在实践中注重对民族历史生活的呈现,表现出民族史的特征,其叙述特定群体或民族社会生活的方方面面,揭示群体的精神内核。历史、文化与民族融会一体,在西学东渐、传统文化权威失坠的情况下,文化史构建了一种彰显社会凝聚力的叙事。     

公元4-5世纪龟兹佛教的繁荣及其原因探析

公元4-5世纪是龟兹佛教的一个兴盛时期,具体表现在有很多著名的地面寺院的修建以及石窟的开凿,而且有些寺院在此之前就已经存在。石窟方面,尤其是大像窟的开凿,更使龟兹佛教艺术达到了一个高峰。另外,这一时期方形窟和中心柱窟都有开凿,而且在绘画上一开始就呈现出相当成熟的绘画技法,出现两种画风并存的局面。龟兹佛教的兴盛与末法思想在当地流行有关,由于贵霜王朝境内佛教的衰落,导致东来的高僧在龟兹停留并传播佛法。佛教得到龟兹王室的大力支持,国王以转轮王的角色出现,护持佛法。     

历史学、历史观与20世纪社会变动

在这世纪交接的时刻,回眸一百年走过的历程,惊涛骇浪的历史给我们史学工作者展示一个道理:一个时期的史学重大思潮总是与时代的变动联系在一起的,一个有重大影响的历史观点对历史变动产生的影响不可低估。认真总结这一百年来历史,对我们认识史学工作有关问题,对思考新世纪的历史与史学都是有意义的事。全球范围内的社会发生大变动:俄国十月革命后苏联建立与80年代末苏联解体;中国新民主义革命胜利后新中国建立,并且在80年代走上建设有中国特色社会主义的道路;美国霸权主义的扩张以及由此带来的世界动荡。冷战结束后,世界格局发生了变化,但世…     

二十世纪初东南亚华侨中介商经济地位新探

中介商是近代东南亚华侨的重要经济力量。在 2 0世纪初 ,东南亚各地区华侨中介商的经济实力是不一样的 ,由于受西方殖民统治者的压迫 ,以及当地土著居民经济状况的制约 ,华侨中介商所处的经济地位是被动的 ,他们的经济发展是不稳定的。