汉文化的辐射与侗族文化的变迁

人类一出现,就在两种背景中生存和发展,一是自然,一是文化。文化是人创造的,而人又是文化的产物。在这种互动的关系中,人类在发展着。衡量人类进步的标志就是人类的文明,人类的文化。文化是人类能力的体现。人类凭藉文化,从自然中走来,和自然比肩而立。人类的强人,不在于体质的壮大,而在于它的文化,而在于它的文化体现出来的力量。从广义方面来说,文化就是人类生活的诸方面,包括工具、衣服、装饰品、建筑、制度、语言、艺术形式、宗教信仰习俗等,是人类的生存样式系统,是人类为适应自然而创造的一种机制。文化是发展的,是一…     

民俗——日常情景中的中国人的精神生活

民俗和人类的精神生活有着天然的切合。相对于人类在社会上的外在活动,精神生活是人类内在创造、传递和体验精神价值的心意活动,而民俗则是人类日常情     

[漫话中华文明起源]之十一——“女娲神话传说”与“史前洪水”

在地球人类悠久、漫长的历史进程中,人们一向把自然世界的“洪水猛兽”视为对人类生命的最严重威胁。后者是由于蛰伏在山野和森林中的猛兽对人类儿女个体生命的袭击而形成;而前者则是由于持续不断、铺天盖地的狂风暴雨和滔滔洪水从山野丘陵之间铺天盖地、波涛滚滚地倾     

用感性评述历史，用理智思考宗教

宗教伴随着人类文明而产生,在人类历史发展过程中起到了一定的积极作用：促进历史的进步,推动文明的发展。而宗教毕竞是唯心主义的世界观,它是人类对客观世界片面、错误的认识与理解,但人们的认识在不断完善与进步,宗教体现着人的力量的伟大,表现着人类社会的文明与进步。     

从历史角度审视禽流感

回顾今年来禽流感在亚洲肆虐,短短时间中,已有多人因染“鸡病”而亡。猴年,面对严峻事态,人们不得不“杀鸡给猴看”。本来,人兽共同患病由来已久,毕竟人类本身就属于哺乳纲即兽类,可是人类怎么又跨越物种界限,染上了鸟病呢?在人类驯养动物的历史中,动物还带给人类很多疾病,有200多种动物病能传染给人类,有些疾病是人兽共患,相互染病,人类曾也将结核、麻疹、脊髓灰质炎等传染给野生动物。从人类的养禽历史看,是我们从追寻它们、饲养它们开始,而拉开了人类亲密接触动物、畜养动物的序幕的。“人猿相揖别”,早期人类的生存方式是以采集、狩猎为…     

旧石器时代亚欧大陆高纬度地区人群的扩散及其对中国旧石器文化格局的影响

欧亚大陆高纬度地区气候与资源环境迥异于人类的起源地——热带非洲。人类需要具备更多的文化适应手段才能适应高纬度地区的生存。在旧石器时代早中期,人类向该地区的迁移扩散极为有限,而旧石器时代晚期,随着技术、社会组织等文化层面的进步,人类开始广泛向高纬度地区扩散,打破了东亚地区与欧亚大陆西侧的文化隔离屏障,对中国旧石器时代西北、东北及华北地区的文化格局产生了不同程度的影响。本文拟通过人类适应的视角,结合考古材料,分析人类向欧亚大陆高纬度地带的扩散历程及由此而引发的人类迁徙、交流对中国旧石器时代文化面貌格局产生的具体影响。     

回首百年足迹 汲取历史智慧——上海学者的20世纪历史总体性研究

20世纪无疑是人类历史上最为光彩夺目而又剧烈动荡的世纪。在这不平凡的百年岁月中,人类以科学知识的高度积累、生产力的快速发展、社会财富的巨大增加,奇迹般地改变了世界的面貌;但同时这又是人类遭遇问题最多的世纪,人类被推人一系列错综复杂的动荡与冲突之中,并为此付出了巨大而惨重的代价。在“世纪换千”这一重要历史性时刻,就百年来人类的历史运动作一总体性审视和反思。     

基于传统生活方式的设计轨迹

设计自人类诞生之日起便产生,随着人类的发展而发展。在此期间,生活方式促使设计的发展,而设计又影响着生活方式,使之转变。在漫长的人类发展史中,家具的设计发展对人们的生活方式有着深远的影响。     

南海海难钩沉

海洋、海滩、海宝,这个三位一体相连的术语或事物,它伴随着人类科技进步和海洋开发而逐渐升温。因为海洋不仅蕴藏着丰富的海水、生物和矿产资源,而且也潜伏着人类创造而被埋在海底的亿万财富。因此,海洋资源的竞争与争斗,已成为当代各国一大焦点。     

高原精灵藏羚羊

在人类生存的地球上,除南极、化极因终年冰雪覆盖。人类无法正常生存外,青藏高原因寒冷缺氧被人们称为地球的“第三极”．而真正的第三极是指那些平均海拔在5000米以上的高寒地带,那里空气含氧量只有海平面的一半。人类无法在那里开展正常的生产生活,被称为人类生命的禁区。     

Letting skeletons out of the closet: the ethics of displaying ancient Mexican human remains

In the wake of Native North American activism and moves to decolonize archaeology, some academics have begun to avoid displaying human remains. Though recent World Archaeological Congress accords detail a consent process for ethical display, some journals, museums, and individual scholars have blanket policies covering even those remains whose descendants favour display. This article examines one context affected by these policies: the central Mexican town of Xaltocan. Here, Indigenous residents advocate for archaeological study and exhibition of ancient human remains, yet they have been criticised and censored by North American audiences. We consider two factors behind their desire to display the dead as part of efforts to reclaim Indigenous identities: long-standing Mesoamerican relationships with the dead and the materiality and symbolic capital of bones. We argue that an academic reluctance to display any human remains is problematic – even if it is a well-intentioned acknowledgement of respect for their sensitive nature – because it imposes the wishes of one Indigenous group on another, and may thereby lead to the unwitting perpetuation of colonial practice. We suggest that decolonizing archaeology may sometimes necessitate allowing the exhibition of skeletal remains; ethnographic research in individual communities is needed to ensure respect for descendant perspectives.     

A survey of the Nabataean/Roman Site,Umm at-Tawabin,Ghor as-Safi,Jordan

Umm at-Tawabin is an extensive Nabataean/Roman site overlooking Wadi al-‘Arabah in southern Jordan. The site, as a whole, consists of a number of buildings, circular stone structures, a roadway and other features that are fortified, for the most part, by a lengthy wall and with a predominance of Nabataean and Roman surface pottery on the ground. Up until now, the site has only been documented in brief in a handful of survey reports since its discovery in the late nineteenth century and its chronology has since been the subject of some conjecture among scholars. With a grant from the Palestine Exploration Fund, the author has sought to better understand the occupational history of this undoubted historically important site through survey and by extension, a study of its surface pottery and architectural remains.     

Late Prehistoric Mortuary Features in the Greater Illinois Area: A Discussion of Form,Function, and Ritual Use

Numerous Late Prehistoric nonburial mortuary features have been identified in the greater Illinois region. Often, and sometimes uncritically, these features have been referred to as “charnel houses” in the literature. To date, there has been no attempt to tie all of the information on these features together. This study critically examines the features’ attributes and provides possible explanations of how they were used in the context of mortuary ritual. Two major types of features have been identified. The first is an above-ground feature consisting of a scaffold or small structure supported by posts. The entire feature is surrounded by a lightly built wall or fence. The close association of secondary human remains with these features suggests that they were used to expose, store, or display them. The second type is an enclosed area or a lightly built structure constructed directly on the ground. Examples from the American Bottom differ from those noted elsewhere. In some instances, the two feature types were paired at a single site, suggesting that they had complementary functions. The presence of multiple examples of nearly identical features at some sites also suggests that the remains may have been segregated according to kin-group affiliation.     

宋代的自然观察:审美、解释与观测兴趣的发达

本文以地理学为核心,从知识兴趣的角度对宋代的自然观察及其解释方法进行了考察,发现在宋代学者中,不仅以山水游赏为目的的审美性自然观十分发达,更积极地观察、观测各种自然地理现象。尤为突出的是,在当时的学者中间,从客观的角度探索自然并解释自然并非个别案例,而具有一定的普遍性。另外,甚至有部分学者抛开形而上的讨论,积极地对长期观测的自然现象进行归纳总结,表现出了浓厚的经验实证思想。虽然这表明当时的自然知识累积与发展出现了新的方向,但是它们并没有得到突破性的发展,其主要原因或在于这些新的因素并没有能够真正地改变儒学知识分子认识自然的基本方式。     

以陶器为视角的石家河文化青龙泉三期类型发展阶段研究

汉水中游地区以青龙泉遗址第三期为代表的遗存属于石家河文化的一个地方类型,即石家河文化青龙泉三期类型.以往被归入此类型的遗存并不单纯,实际上包含了部分属于煤山文化乱石滩类型的遗存.根据青龙泉、七里河、老鸹仓、黄楝树等典型遗址出土的材料,可将石家河文化青龙泉三期类型分为早、晚两期.已公布的测年数据显示,其绝对年代为公元前2...     

陕西高陵杨官寨遗址发掘简报

高陵属西安市辖县,因县南有奉正原,形体高隆,状若丘陵而得名,县内有渭、泾两大河流。杨官寨遗址行政区划属高陵县姬家乡杨官寨村,地处泾渭交汇处西北约4公里的泾河北岸一级阶地上,南距泾河约1公里,海拔498.5米(图一)。陕西省考古研究院2003年进行考古调查     

论秦郑国渠的引水方式

近代以来经过水利、农史、考古等各方面学者的论证,形成了颇有影响的郑国渠首筑有土石大坝拦河蓄水的观点,一些水利史志学者也提出了郑国第无坝自流引水的说法。本文认为这两种观点的提出对解决郑国渠引水方式这一学术问题有一定的贡献,但也都有无法通解之处,从实际遗存、文献记载、当时泾河水文特点及引浑淤灌性质来看,郑国第初修时采取的是筑导流土堰壅水入渠的引水方式,后来转变为凿渠引水。     

Migrant masculinities: Bangladeshi men in Singapore's labour force

Although there is a growing body of scholars who have examined the reproduction and experiences of masculinities, research on the experiences of migrant men remains relatively limited. While I continue to draw upon insights from these scholars of both migration and gender, my data show that there remains considerable potential to contribute to this research field, in particular, analysing the reproduction of masculinity through a class lens. Drawing upon migrants' own narratives and notions of class by Bourdieu, I examine how Bangladeshi men make sense of their labour migration to Singapore, particularly after they fall out of work. Their responses are not only based upon instrumental calculation, but are also powerfully shaped by a complex set of normative gendered formations that can further constrain them.     

Boundaries and opportunities: comparing slave family formation in the antebellum South

Our understanding of the marriage strategies and family formation of enslaved people remains clouded by disagreement among contemporary scholars. A perusal of the historical literature suggests that two issues lay at the root of this disagreement: First, scholars disagree over the extent to which slave family life was shaped by the external factors of slavery, or rather slave agency; and second, scholars appear reluctant to abandon their singular views of the slave family. This article addresses both of these gaps by formulating a middle ground in the slave agency debate and by redefining the slave family in plural form. An analysis of the boundaries and opportunities for family formation in northern Virginia and lowcountry South Carolina, this study shows that while the establishment of co-residential two-parent households was the ideal for slaves, not all were able to realize that ideal, and those that could not adapted their marriage strategies and family lives accordingly.     

The Art of Taphonomy and the Taphonomy of Art: Layer IV,Molodova I,Ukraine

Level IV of Molodova I, an open-air Middle Paleolithic site in the Ukraine has been described by some researchers as a possible source of evidence for early symbolic behavior. We examined bone objects from this layer that were identified by Ukrainian researchers as exhibiting possible Neandertal produced engravings including two anthropomorphic figures. While we have determined that there is no evidence of symbolic activity at Molodova I, the database we have created, with its systematic recording of traces left by taphonomic agents on faunal remains, provides a better understanding of the overall site taphonomy.