The boat found at Kingsteignton, Devon, in 1898

The remains of a 19th-century find of a medieval clinker-built vessel have been subject to modem examination and radiocarbon and dendrochronological dates obtained.     

Kuggmaren 1: the first cog find in the Stockholm archipelago, Sweden

In 1998 a wreck in the Stockholm archipelago of the Baltic Sea came to the attention of the maritime archaeological community. It seemed to have cog-like characteristics, although opinions about its building tradition were initially divided. Subsequent survey and dating analysis not only established that this was a medieval, cog-like vessel but that it is relatively early. Its find spot, however, is consistent with medieval trading enterprise. This paper summarizes the results of the work to date and raises questions for future research.     

饱水古木材的结构和降解过程

饱水古术材横切片通常显示两个或更多的不同降解区域。光学显微镜、电子显微镜、配合组织的化学成分分析,证明了木材从内到外的非生命化学降解过程。随着水分的充满,欢生壁园糖类的水解开始松动。细胞壁失去荧光性和飒折射。最后残存的本质素结构崩塌,只剩粒状残片。第三层细胞壁,特别是薄片状胞间层,有抵抗力,只要一直充满永就会保持原始组织尺寸。     

殡葬改革:土地、木材和金钱浪费及其讨论

殡葬改革是我国政府持续推行的一项文化和社会改革政策,旨在改善民生,而由此引发的争议则与不同地区的具体实施方式有关,并涉及对传统丧葬文化和习俗的多元认知。具体到土葬还是火化的话题而言,争议集中在土葬浪费土地资源、森林木材资源,以及传统仪式的铺张浪费等方面,有待于学术界进一步的讨论和厘清。与传统殡葬有关的土地占用、木材损耗、金钱浪费等现象,并非不可改进,也并非与当今社会发展难以兼顾。或许,在尊重传统文化认同的基础上,区别对待殡葬改革进程中的城乡差异,有助于多元化地解决这一问题。     

The Mollö Cog Re‐Examined and Re‐Evaluated

As part of a research project on medieval trade and maritime transportation in the former Norwegian province of Bohuslän, western Sweden, a dendrochronological analysis of the so‐called Mollö cog was undertaken. The wreck, which was first salvaged in 1980, was previously dated by ¹⁴C analysis. Since this provided a nearly 400‐year time‐span for the building of the vessel, a more precise dating was considered essential. In conjunction with dendrochronological sampling, several features not previously reported were recorded. This paper presents the find, the research history and the results of the dendrochronological investigation. © 2012 The Authors     

Rubh’ an Dùnain: a multi‐period maritime landscape on the Isle of Skye,Inner Hebrides,Scotland

A non‐intrusive survey of this headland on Scotland's western seaboard reveals evidence of maritime activity from prehistory until the recent past. The siting of an Iron Age dun appears to have exploited a natural creek to bring boats to a secure landing‐place. Access was enhanced by a cleared channel, and two docks with adjacent nousts constructed. A stone‐revetted canal was later driven to the loch beyond, and quays built on either side of the entry. A 12th‐century boat‐timber was found in the loch. Later the canal was widened, and finally blocked. The sequence of development, and associated dating, merits further research.     

内与外 虚与实——五代、宋墓葬中仿木建筑的空间表达

五代、宋墓葬中的仿木建筑砖雕表现的均为建筑的外观,该形式处于墓葬这一内部空间时,必然会导致一系列问题,如何协调仿木建筑的外观与墓室内部空间之间的矛盾?怎样表现仿木建筑构件之间的空间关系?通过什么方式塑造仿木建筑的虚拟空间?这正是本文作者试图解决的主要问题。     

From Rescue to Research: Medieval Ship Finds in St Peter Port, Guernsey

Shipping traffic is scouring away seabed sediment in St Peter Port harbour, Guernsey. Since 1985 nine sections of well-preserved medieval ship structure have been revealed, representing at least five separate vessels. Although they seem broadly contemporary, it is not yet possible to say whether any or all were lost at the same time. With their rescue under way, research has addressed their provenance, their roles, and their relationship to Guernsey and the wider medieval world. This paper discusses ships that are of international significance today not least because they were of similar importance in their own time.
© 2004 The Nautical Archaeology Society     

Resource Exploitation and Wood Mobility in Northern European Oak: dendroprovenancing of individual timbers from the Mary Rose (1510/11–1545)

Dendrochronology has proved useful in suggesting the provenance of timbers in northern Europe, particularly for ship‐timbers, which may have originated from a distant source. Historical chronologies are usually derived from timbers of uncertain origin. In trying to provenance a new chronology, therefore, trends in the geographical distribution of statistical matches should be viewed, rather than individual strong matches. While it is usual to test a site‐chronology created from several individual timbers, in a situation such as the Mary Rose, where individual timbers may have been sourced from several regions, the matches of individual timbers may shed light on their origins. © 2010 The Author     

数学分析方法在考古学中的应用

本文主要以文物产地研究为例,介绍国内外学者在考古学研究中常用的几种数学方法的原理及应用情况,指出数学分析方法已经成为考古学研究的热点,中国金属文物产地研究需进一步开展和深化,考古学家熟练运用现代数学知识是考古学现代化的重要步骤之一。     

英华殿大木结构实测研究

本文在对英华殿大木结构进行详细测量、获取大量较高精度数据的基础上,推算出古代匠人在进行大木尺寸设计中采取以下基本方法:1、本案营造尺长316.5毫米;2、以2尺5寸为基本模数确定柱头平面丈尺;3、采用平面柱头通进深之1/2并结合结构细部设计分别确定檐柱通高、金柱净高;4、以2寸5分为基本模数确定步架;5、采用宋《营造法式》制度确定屋架总举架高,并结合适当的举架比例确定各举高度。     

Natural encounters: climate,weather and the Italian Renaissance

This paper examines a key issue in the history of the climate in the pre-instrumental period, that is, how to use narrative sources which make frequent references to weather events, but which need contextualised interpretation. The paper follows an argument that climatological techniques for deriving temperature indices from chronicles, though they have become increasingly elaborate and refined, nevertheless leave out much that is of interest to the social historian. This paper explores the area of the what-is-left-behind when chronicle narratives are reduced to numerical indices. Investigating a broad range of Latin and Italian chronicles from fourteenth and fifteenth-century Italy, the paper draws three main conclusions: that sensitivity to weather events not only varied greatly among writers (as one might expect) but so too did their use of severe weather to serve the purposes of narrative (through sequencing, metaphor and analogy); that sensitivity to meteorological anomaly changed during the period, especially in the fifteenth century with the spread of prognosticating verses; and that the broadening of chroniclers' interests in weather, both ordinary and extraordinary, and in its effects on everyday, material life may allow a connection to and re-evaluation of the Burckhartian idea of the Renaissance ‘discovery of the world’.     

The Medieval Building Sequence and Dating of Clevedon Court,North Somerset

The construction date of the medieval manor house at Clevedon Court has long been said to be ‘c. 1320’, but no explanation or justification has ever been published. Stylistic, documentary and archaeological evidence is assembled to show that, following three distinct building phases, the house was completed during the decade ending in 1320. Analysis of the development of reticulated tracery helps to determine the date of the iconic chapel window. Other elements of the medieval house are considered and explained.     

Abbots and Aristocrats: Patronage,Art and Architecture at Hailes Abbey in the Late Middle Ages

This article focuses on the art and architecture of the Cistercian abbey of Hailes, home of a famous relic of the Holy Blood, in the two centuries before the Suppression. It is intended to be a contribution to evolving literature on late medieval monasticism, showing the enduring spiritual vitality and relevance of Hailes between the 14th and early 16th centuries. The article discusses the planning and architecture of the late medieval monastery, the extent of and motives for the internal and external patronage and the relationship of the monastery with its sister Cistercian houses, especially those in northern England.     

Unity from disunity: law,rhetoric and power in the Visigothic kingdom

This paper explores the relationship between the ‘Church’ and the ‘State’ in the Visigothic kingdom of sixth- and seventh-century Spain. The authors examine the copious legal material from this period – both church council records and royal legislation – to see what it reveals about the significant degree of interpenetration of the two spheres. For example, the royal laws gave bishops an important role in the supervision of judges, while a church council could not be called without the permission of the king, who often attended along with his officials and set the agenda for the meetings. There has been significant debate on this issue over the past two centuries, and the authors' analysis will be situated accordingly. The extent to which the Visigothic evidence emerges out of late Roman practices and precedents or is independent of it will also be addressed.     

Post-Roman crop production and processing: Archaeological evidence from Goldthorpe,South Yorkshire

The remains of a ditched field system dating from the late Iron Age to the early post-Roman period, and two associated corn drying ovens (dating to the 5th–6th centuries AD) were revealed during archaeological excavations at Goldthorpe, South Yorkshire. The site was excavated during 2012 and 2013, during which bulk environmental samples were taken in order to retrieve any surviving botanical remains from deposits associated with the corn drying ovens, and other features across the excavated area. Early post-Roman occupation is under-represented in the archaeological record, especially in northern England, as such human activity and subsistence during this period are currently not well understood. This paper combines evidence for the field system, the physical remains of the corn drying ovens and their associated botanical remains to further understand early post-Roman change and continuity in landscape use and crop production and processing practices.     

皖南事变的发生、善后及结果

蒋介石国民党并未有过一个明确的旨在处心积虑消灭皖南新四军军部的蓄谋。皖南事变的发生存在着某种必然性,这是因为,它与国民党坚持限制中共军队发展,要求其限期离开长江两岸北移冀察的强硬态度有关,且与中共中央必欲独立自主,坚持大力发展经营华中地区的政策有关。但它同时也具有相当的偶然性,因为它也与中共方面出于对国民党的高度戒备心理,拖延北移时间且必欲选择一条出乎国民党人意料的北移路线,和国民党恰好在皖南新四军逾期南下之日,完成了围堵部署,封住了新四军南进东去之路的巧合有关。同样,事变发生后,蒋介石也不曾有过要在更大范围内对中共动武的计划。换言之,并不存在着美苏及国际舆论的反对和日本人的突然进攻,打乱了国民党人发动更大规模的剿共战争的阴谋的情况。而就中共中央来说,受到莫斯科态度的影响,它在这段时间里对国民党的政策估计和对事变的应对态度,也曾有过一个颇为复杂的变化过程。     

Black Gloss Pottery: Production Sites and Technology in Northern Etruria,Part I: Provenance Studies

The object of the present study is an assemblage of 149 black gloss pottery samples found in northern Etruria (Tuscany, Italy), at Arezzo, Volterra, Chiusi and Populonia. Complete chemical analyses have been performed for the whole set of samples, whereas mineralogical characterization has been provided for most of the Volterra, Chiusi and Populonia samples. The Chiusi‐Marcianella production site has been the further object of a detailed study aimed at the creation of a complete reference group. Moreover, several trade routes have been reconstructed, shedding light on the import and export of these ceramics from inland Etruria to the coast and vice versa.