CONCEPTS OF THE INNER CITY AND RECENT TRENDS IN CANADA

This essay evaluates the explanatory power of two current models - ‘centrifugal’ and ‘centripetal’ - of the evolution of inner cities. This in done in the light of data on socioeconomic trends that affect residential areas in the cores of the nine major Canadian metropolitan regions. The centrifugal model focuses on the attraction of suburbs on central city residents; the centripetal concentrates on the lure of some inner-city neighbourhoods for certain middle- and upper-income households. While the Canadian trends support some propositions of the models, they seriously challenge others, us models seem unsuitable for explaining Canadian urban reality. They fail to account for the relative socioeconomic stability of core neighourboods in major Canadian cities and the dissociation between trends in their residents' incomes and in housing values. Cet article évalue le pouvoir d'explication démontré par les ébauches théoriques qui visent à faire comprendre l'évolution des quartiers situés à l'interieur des centres urbains. Cette évaluation se sert de données relatives aux tendances socio-économiques qui marquent les secteurs résidentiels situés au coeur des neuf plus grandes zones métropolitaines du Canada. Deux modèles dominent ce champ d'étude: il y a d'abord le modèle ‘centrifuge,’ qui postule une attraction des banlieues exercée sur les résidents de la ville centrale; puis le modèle ‘centripète,’ qui explique l'attrait qu'exercent ces quartiers sur certains manages a moyens et hauls revenus. Alors que les tendances observées dans les agglomérations canadiennes viennent donner du poids à certaines propositions de ces modèles, elles présentent également un défi de taille à certaines autres. Les difficultés ressenties dans l'application de ces deux modèles paraissent relever de l'inadaptation de modèles conçus aux Etats-Unis à la réalité urbaine canadienne. Ces modèles sont considérés particulièrement inaptes à expliquer la relative stabilité socio-économique des quartiers des grandes agglomérations canadiennes et à rendre compte d'un écart grandissant entre lesrevenus de leurs résidents et la valeur des unités de logement qui s'y trouvent.     

SOME IMPLICATIONS OF RECENT TRENDS IN THE PROVINCIAL DISTRIBUTION OF INCOME AND INDUSTRIAL PRODUCT IN CANADA

The redistribution between 1961 and 1977 of shares in gross domestic product compels a reappraisal of traditional explanations for Canadian economic patterns. The main features of economic growth over this period confirm the explanatory value of the export base model of the development process. Traditional characterizations of core-periphery relationships are compromised by weakening interprovincial complementarities and the articulation of residentiary industries in western Canada. Compromised as well is the notion that there is in Canada a wide disparity in regional per capita income, a disparity that has persisted with little change for many years.
La redistribution des portions provinciales du produit intérieur brut entre 1961 et 1977 se demande qu'on examine de nouveau les explications traditionnelles pour les transformations de l'économie spatiale. Au cours des seize années derniéres les caractéristiques principales du croissance économique rafferment l'utilité explicative du modéle « export-base >>. Les caractérisations traditionnelles du type centre-périphérie sont compromises par l'affaiblissement des rapports complémentaires parrni les provinces et par l'articulation des structures provinciales économiques en Canada ouest. Compromise aussi est la notion qu'il existe au Canada de grandes disparités a l'échelle régionale dans le revenu par habitant, disparités qui ont persisté avec peu de variations depuis de nombreuses années.     

RECENT POPULATION TRENDS IN THE USSR

Pending the publication of new Soviet population data based on the 1979 census, to be hald next January, the author reviews population trends in the 1970's. After a steady decline through much of the Soviet period, birth rates and death rates have stabilized for the country as a whole, although marked regional differences continue. An unexplained rise in infant mortality and an apparent reduction of life expectancy have led to the suppression of data in these areas. No ready explanation is found for a recent increase in female fertility and age-specific death rates. Abnormalities in the age-sex structure, resulting from past population catastrophes, continue to persist and indicate future labor shortages. Geographical differences in population growth rates, resulting from differential rates of natural increase and migration, are analyzed. Urbanization, a typical phenomenon of the Soviet period, continues apace, with the biggest increases in large cities despite a policy designed to discourage big-city growth. A crucial question is the optimal disposition of the growing labor pool in the Central Asian region-whether to foster local employment or encourage migration from Central Asia to labor deficit areas elsewhere in the Soviet Union.     

INTERNATIONAL BUSINESS TRAVEL: SOME EXPLORATIONS

International business travel is now an omnipresent feature of working life for many millions of people around the globe. Whatever the organizational reason, it is now the likelihood that many individuals are engaged in undertaking work outside of the formal workplace in an irregular pattern which has become an almost ordinary aspect of their working-life. Such is the magnitude of international business travel that it is now highly significant for bringing multi-million dollar expenditure to countries and the global airline and hotel sectors, and supporting an international business travel management industry. Yet, surprisingly, little has been written on the agency of international business travel, beyond vignettes of the organizational requirement for physical proximity. In this introduction (and special issue) we consider what further academic analyses of business travel must do to extend knowledge and understanding of the growth and use of travel in the twenty-first century. The article is in five parts. First, we consider the function of international business travel in firms as part of strategies to tie-together spatially distributed subsidiaries. Second, we unpack the modes and spaces of business travel. Third, we discuss the impacts of business travel on both the traveller, but also the environment. Fourth, we introduce the major arguments and contributions of the four articles in this special issue. Finally, we identify future research agendas that should develop existing theory and understanding of the compulsion for international business travel.     

METROPOLITAN AND NON-METROPOLITAN POPULATION TRENDS IN CANADA, 1966–1982

This paper discusses broad population movements within and between metropolitan and nonmetropolitan regions in Canada during the recent past. It is based on an annual series of aggregate migration at the metropolitan level. Three complementary approaches are used in order to distill information from this vast array of interregional flows. The first is based on net migration. The second, disequilibrium analysis, is based on the difference between the observed population shares of regions and a set of calculated steady-state population shares which would result if the currently observed set of interregional migration rates remained constant. Both approaches indicate short-term effects of migration on the evolving pattern of regional growth and decline. The third approach, based on aggregate interregional flows, allows one to observe some changes in migration behaviour which are not made evident by the first two approaches.     

CANADA AND THE INTERNATIONAL GEOGRAPHICAL UNION

RÉSUMÉ. Les débuts de la coopération internationale dans le domaine de la recherche géographique remontent aux premiers temps de la Confédération. Bien que la participation de canadiens aux premières réunions de Congrès International de Géographic ait été assez rare, un certain nombre d'entre eux y assistèrent a plus d'une occasion. Ce n'est que depuis 1934, année de l'acceptation officielle du Canada au sein de l'Union Géographique International, que notre pays assiste à toutes les assemblées générates de cette organisation et aux congrès géographiques internationaux. Depuis la nomination, en 1952, des premiers canadiens aux commissions de ce groupement, la participation du Canada a été intensifiée de beaucoup.     

中国出境旅游市场发展变化与趋势

文章通过对中国出境旅游市场规模、结构、时间模式、消费水平、组织方式等方面变动情况的回顾,认为2005年出境旅游市场将可能继续冲高到3500万人次,保守估计也在3250万左右,还指出了我国出境旅游高消费的几个方面原因,初期的高消费现象将随着市场的成熟而逐渐理性;在以团队出境为主的基础上,将在近程出境旅游目的地快速推进自由行的模式。文章最后讨论了出境旅游政策短期内变动可能性,认为出境政策的变化将是缓慢推进,而且对于出境市场开放所能产生的效用应该建立理性预期。     

A QUESTION OF IDENTITY: A REVIEW OF RECENT WORK ON BLACKS IN CANADA

In 2010 the US declared the Lake Erie water snake a recovered species, but in Canada the snake is still considered to be an endangered species. After explaining the legal similarities between the Ontario Endangered Species Act and the American Endangered Species Act, this article examines a case study with landowner interviews from one US island and one Canadian island. It is concluded that landowner attitudes toward conservation and private property are very similar. Thus, it is argued that bureaucratic differences, particularly institutional capacity and implementation styles, enabled the US but not Canada to recover the snake. The article concludes with a discussion of the need for better communication between the two countries for the purposes of biodiversity conservation.     

让自己融入旅途

非工作日的一个午后,我在影棚见到穆杉的时候他正给国内某知名品牌的Pad拍静态样片。拖鞋短裤,外加松松垮垮的大T恤,热情地迎上来苦笑着甩给我一个疲惫的眼神：“拍静物太费脑子,随便坐别拘束,需要拍照吗？我去车里找套衣服换上？就在门口,白的酷搏。来,喝杯咖啡……”     

INTERNATIONAL AIR TRAVEL AND FDI FLOWS: EVIDENCE FROM BARCELONA

This paper provides a bridge between the literature examining the economic impact of air services and the literature analyzing the determinants of bilateral FDI flows. I estimate a gravity equation for the determinants of bilateral FDI flows between the Spanish region of Catalonia, home to the airport of Barcelona, and countries of all over the world for the period 2002–2015. I find evidence that the reduction in travel time due to the availability of nonstop flights scheduled with sufficient frequency increases the amount of FDI due to the enhanced transmission of information.     

旅行新单位（上）

世界单位认定协会认为：重量有单位,长度有单位,“奢华”和“尴尬”也需要单位,于是发起制定了新单位的行动。“贴心智数”、“徒劳指数”、“可怕指数”、“了不起指数”等等门十个新单位现在已经诞生。     

古都未央歌 书画·逸歌·行摄路·盛世寻梦

当岁月的风吹散了历史的迷雾,这些曾经的权力、文化中心在后人面前重现。杭州、洛阳、西安、开封、南京、北京,它们昔日的辉煌让中国的过往都着上了耀目的颜色。一段斑驳的城墙、一池宁静的湖水,都在讲述着这座城市的前世今生。后人总是在试图记录历史,让岁月的流淌重新呈现。就让我们拿起相机,去定格那些渐行渐远的古都记忆,保留岁月赠与我们的这份唯美牵挂。     

老挝,摄影家的乐园

今年盛夏,我们一行6人受友人之邀乘飞机从我国昆明入境老挝,仅一个多小时就飞抵老挝首都万象。从中文字意看,万象即大象聚集地。去旅馆途中,我们特意用目光搜寻大象,可是一只也没有见到。经询问导游,方知道万象是音译,真实含义是"檀木之堡"。时过境迁,檀木早已被殖民者砍伐殆尽,如今的万象连一棵都见不到了。     

不一样的澳洲行

一次澳大利亚、新西兰之行,让我体会到世界之大,的确有很多不一样的地方,整理如下小文,供初澳洲行的旅人借鉴。     

THE REGIONAL MALL IN CANADA

Over the last three decades, regional shopping malls have become significant features of the Canadian urban landscape. They account for the largest concentrations of employment, retail sales, and trip destinations outside the central business district, and they reshape patterns of accessibility within communities. This article examines the number, economic role, location, and implication of these facilities, in Canada, and contrasts them with similar malls in the United States. By 7 986, there were 84 regional malls with more than 500 000 sq. ft. of space in Canada, and these malls accounted for 10 per cent of all retail sales.     

世界汇 中国夜《世界》杂志北京贺岁夜宴

这是一场古典元素穿插于中国传统文化的盛会,却由一本专注于出境旅游的读物发起;宴会选在历史悠久而传奇的皇家粮仓举行,涌眼望去却是西餐厅的浪漫情调;楼上是中国传统文化展示．台下是西式自助餐红酒,中国传统艺术家和黄发碧眼的外国大使寒喧交流一所有这一切,都是为了答谢一直支持《世界》杂志的各界朋友,并且与他们继续合作,共同为读者奉上更丰富、时尚、精妙实用的高品质杂志内容。