Water Birds in Lhunzhub

Water birds come in thefollowing species:reen-Headed Ducks: 50-62 cmlong, weighing 9,100-1,300 gramseach, distributed in Europe, Asia, NorthAmerica, Central America, and the northernpart of Africa. They inhabit lakes, rivers, pondsand swamps, gathering in large groups. They liveon leaves, buds, haulms (stems or stalks) and seeds of plantsas well as mollusks, crustaceans, water insects, small fish anshrimps. They breed from April to June with 7-11 eggs eachtime, which the female hatches in …     

Lifesaving Qoiden Nyima Holy Water

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A Way With Water — Water Resources and the Life of an 18th-Century Park

The park around Farnborough Hall, Warwickshire, contains sites and monuments from the early medieval period onwards. Many of these are to do with the use and management of water. This account, mainly based on these remains, tells the story of the changing ways in which water resources have been exploited. A detailed account of the development of the Georgian park under the aegis of two individuals — William Holbech, the landowner, and Sanderson Miller, a gentleman architect — looks at factors which influenced the design of the park, documents a number of surviving structures and examines some of the technical aspects of construction. A number of highly unusual features have been recorded, including a garden amphitheatre, a large raised pool and an elongated waterway which shares some characteristics with early river navigations. The consideration of the options available to both the workforce and the social elite who shared the park explores the divide between labour and leisure.     

Medieval Embroidered ‘Water Flowers’

The term ‘water flower’ has been taken by some to refer to all embroidered conventional flowers found on some late medieval English copes and chasubles. It is argued here that the term was used in medieval times in the sense of ‘water flower deluce’, and referred to a particular type of conventional flower, which has a conical, sword-like body, flanked by two pairs of strap-like leaves.     

Undertaking Water Projects At the Foot of Qomolangmo──Story of Tibetan Water Conservancy Worker Myingma

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Water Works a Boon for Future Generations

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KAMBA COUNTY:Sheep and Spring Water

Tibetisatreasurehouseintermsofnativeproduce.ThemostfamousisthesheepfromKamba.KAMBASHEEP.LocatedinsouthernXigazePrefectureatanelevationof4,300meters,KambaCountyhasalowmeantemperatureunsuitableforcropcultivation.Hcnce,thenorthernHimalayanareafavorslivestock…     

Xungbalaqu Holy Water Tibetan Medicine Factory And Its Coral 70

EDITOR'SNOTE:Thefactory,IocatedinNeqoinTown,DoilungdeqenCountyLhasa,wasbuiItthreeyearsagowithinvestmentspooledbytheCorporationforAidtoEconomicDeveIopmentinTibetandtheNagquTibetanMedicineHospitaIofTibet.Xungbalaqumeans"waterinthebasin"inTibetan-ItissonamedbecauseMasterPadmasambhavahaddugafountainwhosewaterhelDedbuildupthephysique.BuildingaTibetanmedicinefac-toryinXungbalaqu,NeqoinTown,ensuresthepurityofthewaterused.Asthelocationiscomparativelyfarawayfromfarmlandandotherfacto-rie…     

Dams,Drought and Water Shortage in Today’s Iran

Iran has a long history of effective and sustainable water resource management under arid and semi-arid conditions. However, today the country is faced with serious challenges in the water sector, including rising water demand and shortages, declining groundwater levels, deteriorating water quality, and increasing threats to the environment and various ecosystems. If these issues persist, tragedy will be the inevitable result. Over the last three decades tremendous efforts have been made to supply water, primarily through an extensive program of development, with dam building at the forefront. This paper offers an introduction to the different factors and elements influencing the water balance in today’s Iran and presents a perspective on the trend of dam building in recent times.     

Fetching the First Bucket of Water In a New Year in Kamba

AtzerohourofthefirstdayoftheNewTibetanYear,Kambapeoplerushtonearbywellsforthefirstbucketofwaterwhich,intheireyes,representsauspiciousness,abumperharvestandlongevity.WhenwewereinKangding,someofourfriendstoldusstoriesaboutthesourceofthehabit:"WerushtoamonasteryatthePaomashanMountain.Watercomesfromacrystalfountain,whichiscoolinsummerandwarminwinter.Moreover,itcontainsmanykindsofmineralsgoodforhealth.Femaledrinkersdon'thavetousemake-upandolderpeopleenjoylongevity.Wedeemitholywater."Thefountain…     

Taming Surface Water in Pre-Islamic Southeast Arabia: Archaeological,Geoarchaeological, and Chronological Evidence of Runoff Water Channeling in Masāfī (UAE)

In semi-arid to arid environments, water is the most constraining resource for agricultural communities. In Southeast Arabia (Sultanate of Oman and United Arab Emirates), the demographic growth and the increase of sites at the beginning of the Iron Age II (1100–600 b.c.) is generally attributed to the development of groundwater harvesting techniques, and more precisely to qanāt technology. While only little is known on the origin of this technology, even less is known about other hydraulic techniques, which could have been used as a complementary source of water. An irrigation system, recently discovered near an Iron Age settlement in the oasis of Masāfī (UAE) was studied thanks to the combination of various methods—archaeology, geoarchaeology/micromorphology, spatial analysis, and chronology—which have allowed us to identify the technological development of small-scale runoff farming and to link this practice to social as well as environmental issues.     

More than Meets the Eyes?: Archaeology Under Water,Technology, and Interpretation

Abstract

Archaeology has had a long and interesting relationship with technology. Technology has arguably allowed us to move from antiquarian interest to the robust academic institution that we now are. The importance that technology plays within archaeology is perhaps best exemplified within the increasingly popular/populist 'sub-discipline' of underwater archaeology. After all, contemporary underwater archaeology could not exist if it was not for the invention SCUBA. Alongside the 'day-to-day' use of technology there is also a rush to latch on contemporary technologies within the sub-discipline. The reasons for this are examined within this work, however, what is argued to be more important is the implications this has had on our discipline.

This paper examines these implications on and as part of underwater archaeology. The impact of its use on interpretive thinking within the sub-discipline are analyzed by assessing the very nature of theoretical thinking within our work. This paper raises the difficult and perhaps controversial question — are underwater archaeologists merely substituting technology for theory and as such offering, admittedly impressive, complex and sound scientific computer models as interpretation, rather than the data that they really are?     

Water in the Aral Sea Basin of Central Asia: Cause of Conflict or Cooperation?

An American specialist on the water resources of the republics of the former USSR, and especially those in Central Asia, reviews the current state of the Aral Sea Basin water resource with respect to supply, consumption, and the legal/institutional framework governing its use. More specifically, he examines water resources and management in the Aral Sea Basin for the purpose of assessing the potential for either interstate conflict or cooperation among the basin states (including Afghanistan and Iran). The author explores actions that could be taken to enhance water availability in the basin and the status of current structures for interstate management of key shared water resources. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: Q15, Q25, R14. 2 figures, 2 tables, 49 references.     

Dispossession by Accumulation? Mining,Water and the Nature of Enclosure on the Bolivian Altiplano

Abstract: This paper examines processes of primitive accumulation and livelihood dispossession on the Bolivian Altiplano. Through empirical examination of the social and environmental effects of mining waste, the paper demonstrates that indigenous campesino community members are experiencing livelihood dispossession by way of three interrelated forms of accumulation: accumulation of toxic sediments on agricultural fields; accumulation of water and water rights by mining firms; and accumulation of territory by mining operations. In the case under examination, full proletarianization is not taking place, and processes of dispossession are not a “fix” for an overaccumulation crisis. The paper argues for greater attention to the contingent role of nature's materiality in processes of dispossession and accumulation.     

King Bhumibol: The Symbolic “Father of Water Resources Management” and Hydraulic Development Discourse in Thailand

The present Thai monarch’s reputation in matters hydrological is an integral element of the mythology and symbolism that have characterised his reign. Royalists have carefully constructed the king as a semi-deified “Father of Thai Water Management”, “Royal Rainmaker”, wise inventor of hydraulic technology and planner of “royal initiatives” over a period of six decades. Yet, despite the links that are often drawn between water resources control, spiritual cosmology and political governance surrounding pre-modern Southeast Asian rulers, there has been surprisingly little critical scholarship undertaken on this contemporary aspect of kingship and state-making in Thailand. This paper examines the evolving discourse surrounding the monarchy and hydraulic development as a response to a perceived neglect regarding the central role of water in cementing the king’s power and legitimacy. It argues that King Bhumibol’s apparent hegemony in the national water resources governance paradigm has been an essential element underpinning the longevity and authority of his reign, partly facilitated through the workings of a network of allied strategic interests. Drawing from a range of sources, this paper makes a cautious start in addressing the subject and attempts to open up a space for further critical reflection and discussion regarding the significance of water resources control to Thailand’s royal statecraft.     

Visualizing Pollution: Representations of Biological Data in Water Pollution Control in the United States, 1948–1962

After the United States Congress passed the Water Pollution Control Act of 1948, biologists played an increasingly significant role in scientific studies of water pollution. Biologists interacted with other experts, notably engineers, who managed the public agencies devoted to water pollution control. Although biologists were at first marginalized within these agencies, the situation began to change by the early 1960s. Biological data became an integral part of water pollution control. While changing societal values, stimulated by an emerging ecological awareness, may explain broader shifts in expert opinion during the 1960s, this article explores how graphs changed experts’ perceptions of water pollution. Experts communicated with each other via reports, journal articles, and conference speeches. Those sources reveal that biologists began experimenting with new graphical methods to simplify the complex ecological data they collected from the field. Biologists, I argue, followed the engineers’ lead by developing graphical methods that were concise and quantitative. Their need to collaborate with engineers forced them to communicate, negotiate, and overcome conflicts and misunderstandings. By meeting engineers’ expectations and promoting the value of their data through images as much as words, biologists asserted their authority within water pollution control by the early 1960s.     

On the Grounds of the Fresh Water Pond: The Free-Black Community at Five Points, 1810–1834

During the first few decades of the nineteenth century a sizable African American community thrived in lower Manhattan. This district was centered near the Fresh Water or Collect Pond just north of the heavily settled city. By 1840 much of the original community was gone and almost forgotten in the lore surrounding the later and more notorious Five Points. Evidence of the vibrant neighborhood may be found in the presence of social and religious structures including the original A.M.E. Zion Church and the African Mutual Relief Society, located for a brief period of time near the Fresh Water Pond. In this paper documentary sources are used to illuminate the lives of Five Points' early residents. These are lives and struggles not necessarily visible in the archaeological record.