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朱蒙所部南下之初,受夫余人影响,将旧有的部族组织转变为军政合一的地方组织,具有很强的军事移民性质。在此基础上,形成五部制与城邑制并形发展的高句丽特有的地方统治结构.因受中原影响,高句丽晚期实行的是与郡县制类似的地方统治结构. 相似文献
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有些教材、专著认为北洋军阀的统治始于1912年,即袁世凯窃取了辛亥革命成果,就任中华民国临时大总统之时。笔者认为这种说法不尽贴切,原因:(一)当时革命党尚控制着南方数省的十几万军队,阻止袁世凯的军事势力向南扩张;(二)革命党仍统辖、影响着南方七八个省区,并利用国会、《临时约法》向袁世凯进行有力斗争。所以,从军事上、政治上说,袁世凯的统治还未最终确立。革命党控制的军队在武昌起义后,迅速扩至十几万人,对袁世凯的统治构成极大的威胁。为此,崇尚军事实力的袁世凯任临时大总统后,极力阻挠黄兴出任陆军总长,而让其亲信段祺瑞充任;他还 相似文献
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一中国封建时代的宗法统治最为突出,严重地障碍了中国历史的发展。早在奴隶制时代,奴隶主为了对奴隶专政的需要,吸收和利用氏族社会父系家长制的血缘组织,在西周形成了一套加强奴隶制统治的宗法制度。宗法,《说文》释“宗”字说:“宗,尊,宗庙也;从(?),从示”。“(?)”是屋宇,“示”是神主,本义是“宗庙”。由于近亲各家族都在一个宗庙里祭祀祖先,因此,这些家族合称为“宗族”。“宗法”就是家族共同遵守的各种法规,如家族的组织法和继承 相似文献
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一财政问题,可说是19世纪末20世纪初中国历届政府最棘手的问题,袁氏北京政府更不例外。袁世凯解决财政困难的办法,不外是对内大肆搜刮和大借外债两途。自1912年3月10日袁世凯爬上临时大总统宝座,就把主要精力放在以武力摧毁残存的资产阶级民主势力,建立独裁专制的反动统治的目标之上。于是军书旁午,需款浩大。而当时入款之大宗,主要靠奉、直、齐、晋等省之盐税,部辖之常税及其杂款,尚不敷政费之需(约400余万两)。南方各省仍在国民党人的控制之下,在袁世凯武力未达之前,不仅解款无望,连中央专款都被截留。是年应付之赔款,仍未照偿,而各省应还之外债,逾期未偿者,积欠累累。计赔款一项,本年结欠200万镑,而洋款之过期及届期者,共590余万镑。各省历欠外债,又287万镑,共欠1100百万镑之多,约折1,265万元,8,700余万两。 相似文献
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Abstract: This article explores the various forms of “social skill”, what we call “rules for cultural radicals”, that the Amber Film and Photography Collective (and primarily its founder and leading visionary, Murray Martin) used to create and sustain an egalitarian arts organization and oppositional cultural movement in the Northeast of England. The collective represented a radical challenge to the world of British filmmaking, featuring innovative practices of cultural work, non‐commodified forms of cultural economy and a commitment to a democratic culture. These “rules” constituted innovative forms of strategic action—visionary leadership, improvisation, risk taking, brokerage—that helped create a durable collective identity and networks of solidarity. We explore the extent to which Amber's “rules” are prefigurative of contemporary forms of cultural activism and radical artistic practice. 相似文献
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R. S. Machalek 《Reviews in Anthropology》2013,42(3):193-207
MacNeish, Richards., Angel Garcia Cook, Luis G. Lumbreras, Robert K. Vierra, and Antoinette Nelkin‐Terner. The Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru: Excavations and Chronology. Volume II. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1981. xii + 279 pp. including figures, graphs, tables, references, index. $45.00 cloth. MacNeish, Richard S., Robert K. Vierra, Antoinette Nelkin‐Temer, and Carl J. Phagan. The Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru: Nonceramic Artifacts. Volume III. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1980. xii + 344 pp. including figures, graphs, tables, references, index. $45.00 cloth. MacNeish, Richard S., Robert K. Vierra, Antoinette Nelkin‐Terner, Rochelle Lurie, and Angel Garcia Cook. The Prehistory of the Ayacucho Basin, Peru: The Preceramic Way of Life. Volume IV. Ann Arbor: University of Michigan Press, 1983. x + 288 pp. including figures, graphs, tables, references, index. $45.00 cloth. 相似文献
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《回疆则例》研究 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
王欣 《中国边疆史地研究》2005,15(3):30-39
作为一部重要的地方性民族法规,《回疆则例》是新疆建省前清朝处理新疆南部民族事务的主要法律依据。本文认为《回疆则例》的编纂与修订不仅反映了清朝对新疆治理的不断深入,而且作为处理新疆民族事务的经验总结,还充分体现了清朝“因俗而治”的统治思想,及在多元文化的背景下新疆各种法律文化之间的互相调整与适应。但是由于并没有触动南疆的伯克制度和清朝在新疆的统治体制,该法编纂与修订实际上仍属治标不治本,在本质上也是消极的。 相似文献
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MORGAN CLARKE 《Anthropology today》2021,37(2):6-9
The trip by Dominic Cummings, British Prime Minister Boris Johnson's then right-hand man, to Durham in April 2020, in seeming violation of the rules of social distancing he had helped put in place, led to intense media scrutiny and public outrage. That there might be ‘One rule for them, and one for the rest of us’ became a stick to beat the government with and arguably contributed to Cummings’ eventual departure from Downing Street. This article focuses on the defence he put forward at the time. Rather than breaking the rules, he had followed them, he argued, providing a series of justifications, one of which led to widespread ridicule, the rest being largely dismissed. Rules of social distancing and the public's compliance with them have been of global concern during the coronavirus pandemic. I argue that the Cummings incident shows both the complexity of ordinary notions of what it means to follow a rule, and a tendency for that complexity to be left undiscussed in both scientific and public debate – to all our detriment. 相似文献