历史叙述之争与西方史学发展的波动:论尤里安之死

对于"叛教者"尤里安之死这一重要历史事件,基督徒与异教徒有着错综复杂且相互矛盾的叙述。这一历史叙述的争执实为基督教史学与传统古典史学间竞争和交融的缩影。基督教自身有着悠久的史学传统,在历史意识方面与古典史学迥异。但古典史学历经千年的繁荣发展,在史料分析、历史撰述与史学思想方面拥有无可置疑的优势。因此基督徒史家必然会继承与吸纳古典史学优秀传统,这对后世史学的发展有着深远的影响。     

塔西佗史学初探

作为帝国早期罗马社会的现实产物,塔西佗史学具有深远宽泛的社会历史内涵和浓烈复杂的政治伦理意蕴:政治观对其史学创作产生了深重影响,撰述旨趣则与其现实隐忧息息相关。在道德史观与道德目的的意义上,塔西佗史学体现了严格的社会批判精神,并进而形塑了其凝重简练的历史叙事风格。塔西佗史学集中体现了西方古典史学的某些共性特征,并在一定程度上深刻影响了整个西方历史。     

中国史学的遗产、传统和当前发展趋势

我国是一个史学大国,我国史学的特点是:历史记载和历史撰述的连续性;传世的历史文献十分丰富;历史编纂形式的多样性;重视人事、重视经世致用的社会性。中国史学在长期的发展中,为我们留下了丰富的史学遗产,形成了一些优良传统。近年来我国史学有了很大的发展,但也存在一些问题。有造诣的史学工作者,应该关注史学发展趋势,关注有倾向性的史学现象,促进中国史学沿着正确的方向健康地发展,这是我们史学工作者的社会责任和历史使命。     

中西古典史学批评论

史学批评的产生虽然要晚于史学的产生,但是,几乎在古典史学产生的同时,也就出现了史学批评的萌芽。古典时期中国与古希腊罗马史学批评的产生与史学批评的内容,在史家标准、治史态度、史籍优劣以及史学审美等诸多方面大体一致,难分伯仲。总的说来,西方古典史学批评理论不如中国,然而在史学审美方面却比中国古典史学批评理论更系统化、理论化。这种差异的出现,是由古典时期中西史学的地位所决定的     

北朝民族史撰述的发展

在中国史学史上,北朝的民族史撰述有了进一步发展,先后经历了三个阶段:第一,以邓渊、崔浩史学活动为代表的民族史撰述奠基阶段;第二,以李彪、崔鸿、郦道元为代表的民族史撰述走向繁荣阶段;第三,以魏收为代表的民族史撰述趋于成熟阶段。它们不仅深刻地反映了当时民族融合的历史进程,而且自觉、有力地推动了构建新的历史文化认同的进程。     

“庶民研究”与后殖民史学

“庶民研究”是印度近二十余年来以后殖民主义为研究视角的一种历史编纂实践。它主张摒弃传统史学撰述中的精英主义话语,从“庶民”的角度重写印度殖民与后殖民时期的历史。“庶民研究”在理论与方法上代表了当今后殖民史学的一个重要特征,它既批判了西方现代史学观念中的历史主义弊端,又对近现代以来非西方史学在西方普遍主义话语之下继续“受殖”的状况进行了深刻反思。“庶民研究”努力建构的书写非西方历史的新模式,以及由此导致的后殖民史学对非西方历史学的重新定向具有一种普遍意义,值得第三世界的历史学者借鉴与思考。     

欧美《史记》《汉书》史表研究刍议——兼论中西古代史表书写的异同

《史记》《汉书》史表研究是欧美中国史学研究的重要课题,对于国内学界加深了解欧美中国史学研究发展历程、辨析中西史学交流互鉴具有典型意义。自19世纪末发轫以来,欧美《史记》《汉书》史表研究呈现出深度不断拓展、领域逐渐丰富的发展趋势,表现出充分重视中国传统考据成果、讨论范围相对全面、部分借鉴西方史学研究思路等特点。部分欧美学者通过《史记》《汉书》史表反思西方史学对非叙事性历史书写的偏见,促成了中西史学的深度互鉴。但是,欧美学者并未深入分析中西古代史表书写的异同。通过比较以优西比乌《编年史》为代表的西方史表书写与《史记》《汉书》史表可以发现,中西古代史学在探索通史写法的实践中,不仅有经验认识的相似性,也有历史观念的差异性。西方中世纪史表书写因秉持基督教神意史观,未发展出类似《史记》《汉书》史表般追求理解历史的丰富类型。     

斥“君史”倡“民史”关于19世纪末期史学观变革的若干思考

所谓史学观是指史家对史学产生、发展及其规律的认识,是史家从事史学实践所必须遵循的准则和探寻史学内在规律的关键所在。它包含了对史学性质、宗旨与功能、史原则、撰述旨趣、评价尺度、研究取向,以及史学与时代关系的认识等。19世纪中国社会所发生的空前的巨变,以及历史观念的深刻变革,直接引起了史学观的变化。这种变化主要表现在：     

会通思想与历史编纂——论中国古代史学的一个特点和优点

"会通"思想作为一种古老的宏观考察社会历史变化的历史观念,经司马迁的深刻理解和《史记》的运用与彰显,在中国史学上产生了巨大而深远的影响。尤其是从中唐至元初五百年间几部不同撰述宗旨、不同体裁、不同内容的通史著作的面世,把会通思想发展到新的境界,使中国古代史学在通史撰述方面出现了异彩纷呈的局面,而马端临是评论这一宏大史学现象的第一人,他的史学批评方法论,至今仍有启示意义。     

试论柯林武德对“末世论”的批评

柯林武德高度评价了基督教下的中世纪史学 ,但对其末世论给予了激烈批评。柯林武德的批评在理解大前提下并非无误 ,他要求内在于历史中理解过去 ,但又在现在基点上去理解过去 ,未来尚未实存则无法思想 ,由之反对末世论史学。末世论史学已经在近代影响了历史学的发展 ,而“未来”存在于历史中 ,影响着人们的生活 ,历史撰述需要关注人们对未来的预期。     

Anglo-Saxon charms in the context of a Christian, world view

The following article explores aspects of a Christian world view found in late Anglo-Saxon England, seeking to put such phenomena as magic, miracles and charms in their proper Christian perspective. Previous criticism has had a tendency to accentuate the pagan aspects of the charms and to confuse a modern definition of magic with that of the early medieval Christian view. The view of nature found in Ælfric's sermons, for example, reveals a particular attitude towards magic, miracles and natural remedies such as charms. Magic and miracles are at opposite extremes, while charms are part of an intermediate category of practices not specifically condemned as develish magic, nor fitting into the Christian interpretation of miracles as signs from God.The second part of the article turns to an examination of the charms themselves to demonstrate how they do fit into a Christian view. Charms having to do with elves, as found in the Leechbook, contain large amounts of Christian material. There is an especially strong correlation between these charms and the use of the mass to counteract the influence and effects of elves. Thus the charms, far from being examples of the remnants of paganism, are evidence of the integration of popular material into a Christian view of the world.     

God,Otherness, and Community: Some Reflections on Hegel and Levinas

Many critics have argued that the alterity of God is negated within Hegel's philosophy of religion. This paper will present the position that Hegel's approach to theology depends on a rigorous hermeneutic which does not negate the meaning and power of religious language and practice as they are found within various Christian traditions, though it does challenge the view that God is absolutely “other” than the human. Further, Hegel's approach to the interpretation of the divine-human relationship need not be limited to Christianity alone. Although Hegel regards Christianity as the highest, most spiritually developed form of religious life, certain fruitful correlations can be established between his work on the ethical dimensions of religious community and Levinas's ethical interpretation of Judaism. These correlations suggest that both Hegel and Levinas offer articulations of what can be seen as a “biblical” mode of thought in which the dialectical relation of God and human beings is central.     

Power and Religion in a Modern State: Desecularisation in Australian History

Secularisation is a concept with many meanings making it difficult to analyse historically. Yet it is the default master narrative in much Australian historiography. Secular historians typically criticise the role of religion in history as being either too unengaged or, if engaged, too intrusive and negative in its impact. This article challenges both assumptions, taking five “nodal points” in Australian history and arguing that they are better given a “Christian” than a secular interpretation. Australia's first European settlement was a high‐minded reform experiment, based partly on a humanitarian Christian vision. The Church Acts gave the population ready access to Christian influence, resulting in a highly “Christianised” nation. When federated, that nation refused to give ascendancy to any one Christian denomination, but largely assumed that its polity was that of a “Christian commonwealth.” Out of its Christian commitment, in the middle of the twentieth century, it withstood control by atheistic communists of its industrial and political life. In the first decade of the present century, a surprising number of politicians have sought to define its national identity largely in terms of its Christian heritage rooted in the Classical/Christian tradition.     

Viti,the Soil from Eden: On Historical Praxis as a Mode of Connecting in Kadavu

Looking at Fijian Methodism and its role in discourses on identity in Fiji leads to the question of the relationship between Christianity and the vanua, the complex notion of land so crucial for ethnic Fijians' traditionalistic identity constructions. How is it possible to retain important dimensions of the vanua within a Christian worldview? An attempt to understand this relationship using the example of a Fijian meke makes clear that specific ways of constructing the past are crucial here. A concept of history as a symbolic form renders these ways of constructing the past understandable as historical — and it is exactly this historical character which opens the possibility of establishing a relationship to the Christian God while retaining essential dimensions of the vanua, a possibility which can provide one experiential background for the plausibility of an ethnic interpretation of Christianity.     

Political prayer and the dignity of labour: Botswana's workers' movement

The article draws on recent fieldwork to explore the intersection between class and Christian faith in the collective worldview of African labour unions in Botswana. Workers across different churches appeal to a Christian God whom they believe supports their struggle for dignity and a living wage. It is this axiomatic faith that underpins the spiritual interpretation of worker vocation and worker solidarity. Moreover, in Botswana, unlike in some neighbouring African countries, no contradiction is perceived between workers' left‐wing, socialist leanings and their Christian faith. Workers' identities are equally intertwined in their affiliation to their churches and to the labour movement in Botswana. Above all, I argue, following E.P. Thompson and other historians of early British and American labour movements, that the sanctification of labour dignifies for manual workers their physical labour, despite their lack of formal education.     

An engineering career as industrial mission: Jack Keiser in post-war Britain

ABSTRACT

British mechanical engineer Jack Keiser’s postwar career in industrial education was simultaneously a career in justice work and Christian industrial mission. This paper examines the Christian critique of industry Keiser developed early in his career, as he transitioned in 1949–1950 into his life’s work in firm-based industrial education, and asks how historians of technology might interpret a critique that characterized industry in hyperbolic terms as enslaving or demonic. Keiser’s was part of an international critique connected to three important post-war Christian institutions: Student Christian Movement, the Industrial Mission Movement, and the World Council of Churches. He engaged with justice at both an intimate and a cosmic level, intimately through face-to-face relationships with apprentices and trainees under his supervision, and cosmically by engaging with the biblical prophets through whom God called for justice.     

梁启超《过渡时代论》与当代"过渡期历史观"的构造

对梁启超历史观的评价一般有两种意见,一种观点认为梁启超是中国现代史学的开创者,其主要贡献是把中国历史纳入到世界史的解释框架之内,用线性的因果关系替代了王朝更替的历史观。另一种观点认为梁启超从欧洲归来后完全放弃了他所倡导的“进步史观”,而成为了一个文化保守主义者。实际上,梁启超所采取的是一种过渡期的历史观,这种历史观既强调历史的进步是不可阻挡的一种趋势,又主张解释历史不能仅仅依赖于纯粹科学方法,而尚需运用直觉的手段,同时他又强调文化积淀而不仅仅是物质更新在文明演进中的作用,这样的阐释方法使我们有可能超越西方历史观对我们思维的长期制约,也可避免“现代”与“后现代”两种极端解释取向所造成的偏颇后果。     

科学实证与文化阐释:中国新史学之双轨

中国新史学中最常见的两种历史研究方式是科学实证与文化阐释,前者旨在建立历史事实之真或寻求历史演变之理,后者则以探寻历史之意义或彰显切实之史识为目标,此二者可谓中国新史学之"双轨"。中国新史学正是沿此"双轨"向前发展的。从新史学之"双轨"着眼,并依据"新异性的标准",中国新史学界应有"八大家",他们分别是:梁启超、王国维、陈寅恪、胡适、顾颉刚、傅斯年、郭沫若和钱穆。科学实证与文化阐释,这两种不同的历史研究取径,展示了中国新史学研究的多元面相,二者之间是相互融通的,并无根本性的冲突与对垒,其在治史观念与方法上亦可做到相互补益,相得益彰。许冠三在《新史学九十年》中因陷入"科学"迷思的褊狭"新史学观",以科学实证拒斥文化阐释,故而未能将钱穆基于"文化"视角来研究历史的文化史学视为新史学。钱穆的新史学特质主要表现为:在继承中国传统史学遗产之基础上,注重历史研究主体与客体的统一,以文化为本位,以阐释为取径,其典型表现是"以士释史";以中国为立场,注重探寻本国历史文化之意义,探求与本国历史文化相符合之史识,强调历史学的经世致用功能。钱穆的新史学观与后现代主义在批判科学主义历史学、反对文化一元论和西方中心主义历史观等方面多有契合之处,但其以"于客观中求实证"为基础的历史认识论与走向历史虚无主义的后现代主义有着本质的区别。     

联通古典与现代的一部史学力作——读莫米格里亚诺《现代史学的古典根基》

在人类史学发展史上,古代史学遗产丰厚并对后世影响深远。A·莫米格里亚诺将之大致划分为波斯、犹太、希腊和罗马史学等不同类型,并由此追溯了现代西方史学的古典根基。其间,论者着重探讨了古代史学自身的相互影响、古希腊史学内涵特征以及塔西佗影响等诸多热点难点问题。在此意义上,全书深入揭示了古代与现代史学之间具体的历史衍生关联。遗憾的是,论者对史学某些共性特征关注不够,部分论断缺乏缜密的逻辑分析。