两种自治观的并存与消解:云南省联省自治时期县议事会实际运作之考察

按照《云南全省暂行县地方自治章程》之规定,县议事会有监督县知事行政、审核县预决算、决议县单行规则及其他县自治事项等权力,但实践中则是传统的县政结构使这些制度设计均落了空。其原因除了学界经常强调的官治与自治之冲突外,还因团体自治与社会自治两种自治观的并存与冲突,此两种自治观的冲突与消解现象非联省自治时期的云南所独有,它贯穿着自清末至实施新县制之前的中国县地方自治史。     

理想与利益——浙江省宪自治运动新探

1919-1926年的浙江省宪自治运动,是民初中国联省自治浪潮中的一个重要组成部分。它在省内外多种因素的推动下而发生,并在运动中先后产生了三种不同的省宪：九九省宪、三色宪法、浙江省自治法。省宪的条体现了当时人们的许多自治理想,但运动参与动机各异使之自始便存在着严重分歧,省宪理想成为他们追求不同利益目标的工具。运动断断续续的进行伴随着各方势力激烈的冲突,亦折射出浙省多重的地方政治权力结构。运动的无果而终,并非简单由于“军阀扼杀自治”。     

抗战胜利后国统区关于内蒙古民族自治问题的争论探析

中国近代少数民族自治制度探索经历了曲折复杂的历史进程,基本宗旨是通过确立王朝帝制部落自治转变为民族国家政区治理的具体形式,重塑单一制中央集权的统一多民族国家。从抗战胜利至制宪国大期间,国民政府、知识界、行省当局和蒙古族精英就内蒙古自治问题展开了反复争论,形成了盟旗等于省县的蒙汉联合自治、分省蒙旗自治、脱省联盟自治和废省联盟自治四种代表性主张,焦点是盟的行政定位问题,表面上是蒙汉民族矛盾,本质上是民族自治和地方自治两种理念的对立和融通。国民党虽然把握了内蒙古地区是各民族杂居共有而不是一民族独有、自治是各民族联合自治而不是一民族独治的现实性,但不能突破行省的制度局限,无法协调"民族因素"和"区域因素",结果加速蒙古族精英的离心倾向。战后国统区关于内蒙古自治问题的争论,客观上为中共建立内蒙古自治区,施行以蒙古族为主体的蒙汉联合自治提供了重要参考,体现了自治和统一相结合的历史必然性。     

辛亥革命时期的省制纠结

辛亥各省光复政权乃至民初政府的省制,多在清末外官改制和各省独立自治的基础上加以变通,共和制下如何确定中央与地方的关系,省制成为关键。民初朝野舆论相持最久、困扰最多的省制方案与争论,不宜单从民主与专制较量的角度立论,还应考虑时人对国家统一的向往与对分裂的隐忧。中国历史文化中,分合与治乱兴衰紧密联系。省制模式中集权与分权、官治与自治的平衡取舍,既与民主、专制相关联,也与统一或分裂的抉择相始终。由于以省为地方自治层级范围过大,东西方各国无此先例,单一制与联邦制均不适合,民初省制因此成为本土国情与域外制度纠结甚深的焦点。这一难解的症结,或许仍将对中国的政治体制改革产生深远影响。     

“反动派都是纸老虎”，最早谁提出？

党的历史上,第一个提出“纸老虎”概念的领导人是蔡和森。1922年9月20日,蔡和森在中共中央机关报《向导》周报发表了《武力统一与联省自治——军阀专政与军阀割据》,第一次使用了“纸老虎”概念。     

浅析黄遵宪的地方自治理论

黄遵宪的地方自治理论是其进行地方自治实践的指导思想。黄遵宪的地方自治是一种由封建专制向君主立宪政体过渡的一种制度,是一次传统社会向现代国家转型的尝试。本文将从黄遵宪地方自治理论提出、内容、实践以及评价四个方面来论述,阐明利弊,以求全面、客观的认识其理论。     

“宛西自治”纸币的发现与初步研究

20世纪20～40年代,在梁漱溟以儒家文化为基础从事乡村建设运动之际,河南省西南部的宛西地区也在“地方自治”的旗号下,进行着一场“以自卫促自治,以自治达到自富”为目的的区域性现代化实验。这场变革活动具有强烈的自救、自保意识和浓厚的地方主义色彩。“宛西自治”的倡导者们为积累其自治所必需的资金,在所辖区域内设立了“农民借贷所”和“合作社”等地方金融或经济组织,同时还发行了地方纸币。     

村落语境中的艺术表演与自治机制——以鲁中地区三德范村春节“扮玩”为例

三德范村的乡民艺术表演及其所交织的自治机制说明,民间自治不仅没有成为现代化的障碍或随着社会变革而消失,反而以互补互益的姿态成为新时期建构国家和地方关系最可借用的传统资源。从民俗学本位出发,将对民间自治传统的理解纳入到对村落社会及其运作机制的观察,不仅可以为研究中国乡土社会提供广阔的视角,而且会更加贴近不断变革的中国农村,并进而做出更为真实的文化解读。     

国家与社会视角下的地方自治——以莫塞的地方自治理论为中心

德国学者阿尔伯特·莫塞（Albert Mosse1846—1925）1886年至1890年受日、本聘请,担任阁法律顾问。在此期间,他为日本近代法制,特别是地方自治法制的建设起到了举足轻重的作用,其地方自治理论对近代日本产生了深远的影响。通过读解其各个时期的有关地方自治的讲义及意见,我们发现,以法治国为目标,强调地方自治之于国家与社会的调和的重作用,是其地方自治理论的核心。     

浙江省历史上地方自治回顾

清末民初,浙江省推行地方自治在各州县乡镇已普遍存在。虽然各地自治遭遇各种顽固势力的抵制、扼杀,但地方自治的精神却已影响和改变着基层社会。辛亥革命的成功为浙江地方自治的发展准备了政权基础,推动了浙江省议会的成立和自治法律的颁布,探索了城镇乡的基层社会自治,对民间社会产生了一定的影响。本文即从浙江省自治制度的演变和基层自治实践角度着手,对浙江省地方自治作一简要回顾。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.