Classical and Liberal Republicanisms and the New Consumer Culture

United States archaeologists working on the East Coast have recognized a massive discard of consumable goods, such as ceramics and glass, in archaeological contexts that date to the end of the first quarter of the nineteenth century. Explanations for this phenomenon have varied from "changing households" to "style consciousness" to the "Americanization of the U.S. population." I examine the acquisition and eventual discard of consumer goods from several working-class households found at a former industrial armory town, Harpers Ferry. The town is about 60 mi from several coastal port towns and the domestic assemblages display a pattern similar to that of the East Coast sites, although there is a lag of about a decade. While economic models are often used by archaeologists to explain human behavior, cultural patterns are more complex and a variety of phenomena needs to be examined. The growth of consumerism and the eventual massive discard of goods in Harpers Ferry may also be explained by the fall of classical republicanism and the rise of liberal republicanism and romantic ideals in the United States.     

Europe’s Right Step in the Wrong Direction

Abstract

This brief essay attempts to show, through ?i?ek’s interpretation of Hei-degger, how the European Union has also taken (as the German master in the thirties), the “right step in the wrong direction” and how it can change its political error. Following ?i?ek’s view of communism as an opportunity of emancipation for Heidegger, hermeneutics philosophy is presented as the change of direction for the Union, change that will only take place if metaphysics is overcome in the appropriate manner.     

‘Traditional’ Healers,Speaking and Motivation in Vava'u,Tonga: Explaining Syncretism and Addressing Health Policy

ABSTRACT Bilateral health system development in Tonga is implicated in a misrepresentation of ‘traditional’ healing that has serious implications for the provision of health care. It has strengthened the tendency to homogenise and stereotype a diverse body of healers in counter distinction with biomedicine. The diversity of and syncretism in non‐biomedical local healing practice is little appreciated in policy debates. Addressing the epistemological, social and linguistic context of syncretism in terms sensitive to healers' concerns and conceptualisations is vital to build on the pre‐existing collaborations between health professionals and a diverse body of healers in a country that has experienced a marked shift from communicable to non‐communicable disorders. This paper examines the diversity and syncretism of five of the most popular ‘spirit’ healers in Vava'u, Tonga in terms suggested by healers themselves using the Tongan concept and value of tauhi vaha'a (to evoke and intensify relatedness) as an analytic tool. The creativity implied in healers' socially constitutive use of language with ancestors, relatives, patients, churches and the hospital questions the value of any notion of traditionality and suggests considerable grounds for collaboration.     

The Curious History of the Minerva Reefs: Tracing the Origin of Tongan and Fijian Claims Over the Minerva Reefs

ABSTRACT

This article explores the historical events relating to the competing claims over the Minerva Reefs by Tonga and Fiji. Tonga’s sovereign claim over the Minerva Reefs was prompted by a private group’s laying claim to a 'Republic of Minerva' in 1972. At that time, Fiji, as well as the South Pacific Forum, recognized Tonga as the only possible owner of the Minerva Reefs, but did not explicitly recognize Tonga's claimed sovereign title. Such a position reflected the legal uncertainty in relation to Tonga's claim in 1972. The establishment of the 200?nm Exclusive Economic Zone legal regime in the late 1970s gave rise to Fiji's claim to the Minerva Reefs, whereas subsequent developments in international law have significantly reduced the legal uncertainty in relation to Tonga's claim.     

明代藩府刻《兰亭图》卷及其变迁

本文通过对比、校对故宫博物院现藏的四种《兰亭图》拓本,全面详细地介绍了明代周王、益王刻《兰亭图》卷之体例、版本及其变迁;针对出现"潢南"和"仙原"这两种不同版本的益王刻大卷《兰亭图》,进行了考订与分析,厘清了清代内阁翰林校订益王刻《兰亭图》过程中出现的讹误,并指出其成因。作者还阐明永乐十五年(1417)朱有燉初刻大、小《兰亭图》卷,自万历二十年(1592)第三代益王又将此两图重新摹刻、补刻。     

The Crofter and the Iron Works: The Material Culture of Structural Crisis, Identity and Making a Living on the Edge

The iron and steel industry has been of the greatest importance to the Swedish economy since medieval times. During the seventeenth century a large number of new iron works were erected in the Värmland region of western Sweden. The iron works brought an urban and industrial culture into an otherwise rural area. They were also of great importance to the local economies, as a number of people could earn their living, or part of their living, by working at the iron works or in other forms of associated employment. In the late nineteenth century a serious structural crisis hit the Swedish iron industry, causing many iron works to close. However, the actual effects, in the form of unemployment and increased poverty, appear, for hitherto unknown reasons, to have been minimal. In this article the household of a crofter family with close links with an iron works at the time of the structural crisis is investigated. Aspects of the crofter’s material culture, identity and consumption pattern are studied, and it is found that although the household shared in an urban and industrial identity, its economic basis was in the rural tradition of a mixed economy, combining wage employment and land-based elements. The mixed economy stands out as one reason why the structural crisis did not have as dramatic an effect as might have been expected.     

The Tectonics of Power: the Hawaiian Iconoclasm and its Aftermath

ABSTRACT An anthropology of architecture has much to gain by exploring, in a range of cultural contexts, the tectonic dimension of power identified, but left largely undeveloped, by Foucault. When walls actively plunge into fields of social relations they include and exclude, divide and join, muffle, silence, conceal, contain, confine and visually impress, sometimes in radically new ways. These ideas are pursued in relation to a dramatic series of events here termed ‘the Hawaiian iconoclasm’. A tectonic shift from temples and men's eating‐houses to royal residences and family eating‐houses is shown to have been integral to a transformation of chiefly power in 19th century Hawaii.     

论《武备志》和《南枢志》中的《郑和航海图》

过去学界长期使用的《郑和航海图》是向达先生根据《武备志》所录图的整理本,其实这个版本并非出自明天启年间的《武备志》原刻本,而是出自清初的删改本,《故宫珍本丛刊》中所收录的《武备志》才是明原刻本。过去学界只知《武备志》中有此图,其实成书于明末的《南枢志》中也录有此图。本文比较了上述三书中所录的《郑和航海图》,发现三者互有对错,因而不能在使用中简单地去一存一,将三图结合考其讹误,辨伪存真,作出新本将是解决这一问题的根本方向。     

Jean Renoir,The Rules of the Game,Reputation, and Revisionism

Jean Renoir's film La Règle du jeu (The Rules of the Game) was first shown in Paris, in 1939, and is now generally regarded as one of his masterpieces. But there is a strange side to the film. What most critics and reference books say concerning it—and they tend to say much the same thing—does not, to put it bluntly, square with the facts. What they say is that La Règle du jeu is about an aristocratic house-party that is a microcosm of the corruptness and exhaustion of French society on the eve of World War II. Far from perceiving in La Règle du jeu evidence of the “corruption” and “exhaustion” in French society that led to the country's defeat and occupation by the Germans during World War II, however, the author of this essay attempts to see the film for what it is—not for what historicist critics want it to be.     

图书馆如何面对“入世”

在分析我国“入世”后,给图书馆带来深刻影响的基础上,探讨了图书瞎在新的环境下应采取的发展对策。     

Collaboration and Culture: Organizational Culture and the Dynamics of Collaborative Policy Networks

This paper presents a theory of the role of culture in collaborative policy networks. It builds on the literature that analyzes the factors related to the formation, maintenance, and dissolution of collaborative arrangements by demonstrating the importance of hitherto undertheorized cultural factors. Cultural theory indicates that actors with different cultural viewpoints have distinct and predictable biases in terms of their expectations of collaboration and their preferences concerning how collaborative policy networks are structured. These biases, in turn, shape how collaborative partners are chosen and how collaborative relationships are maintained over time. The theory is illustrated with a case study of the rise and dissolution of a coalition within a housing policy network in Los Angeles. The case illustrates that cultural differences can impede collaboration even when organizations share similar policy goals.     

陆游与旅游文化

陆游是开创型、集大成的旅游家;是中国文学史上最杰出的大旅游诗人、重要的游记作家、优秀的旅游词人;毕生作出旅游文化重要建树。一部《剑南诗稿》俨为诗化的旅游学原理。陆游以诗的形式阐明“旅游生活是文艺创作源泉之一”的文艺学原理。     

地震与日本文化

作者亲历日本大地震,从日本人在灾难中冷静、克制、守序等表现,探讨日本人由于自然环境和历史形成的诸多特点。如喜欢樱花刹那之美的无常思想、阴翳之美与老庄思想、对待自然的态度、武士道、日本的古典文化与中国的关系等等,从许多细微之处分析日本文化的方方面面。     

崔颢、李白名诗格律研究

唐人崔颢《黄鹤楼》和李白《登金陵凤凰台》两诗是流传千古的名诗。崔、李及同时代人均未说是七言律诗,然而宋代至今均有学者大家硬说崔、李之诗为七言律诗。本文根据七言律诗平仄格律规则,详论崔、李之诗不是七言律诗,而是七吉古诗。     

对古典文学素材的汲取与超越——论芥川龙之介的《俊宽》

芥川文学的一大特色是通过对古典文学中特殊场景、特殊事件进行再加工与再创造,从而展现作家对今人的关注以及对社会问题的思考。本文从《俊宽》与其原素材的承接关系出发,在归纳古典文学中俊宽故事流变的基础上,力求探明芥川文学对古典文学的汲取与超越,思考芥川文学中取材古典的独到创作手法。     

二里头文化一期遗存与夏文化初始

二里头文化一期遗存主要来源于当地的王湾三期文化,并可进一步区分为早晚两段和划分类型。新砦期遗存属于二里头文化一期早段,称为二里头文化一期新紫型。二里头文化一期是夏文化早期遗存。     

晚清时期东南沿海通商口岸对外航线与港势地位的变迁

晚清时期,东南沿海一系列口岸相继开埠通商,其对外航线和港势地位经历了一个渐进的变化过程,形成了中短程航线、跨区航线、远洋航线三种相互联系依存的航线结构。不同层次的口岸因对外航线结构不同而在功能上存在较大差异,进而形成了三个等级的港势地位。港口对外航线和港势地位与沿海物流和港口集散能力有密切关系。     

张道藩与西部文化开发

抗战时期,国民政府西迁。为了建设巩固的大后方,改变西部文化落后状况,张道藩大力倡导西部文化开发。他重视新式教育的推广,关注青年的培养,重视文物保护和开发,注重观念的更新,给落后的西部地区带来了新文化、新知识、新现念,开启了西部新文化的风气。他还努力从事于文化开发实践。他的西部文化开发思想和实践,为西部文化事业的长远发展奠定了一定基础。     

对热贡文化及其保护的思考

热贡是对青海省黄南州同仁县、泽库县地域的藏语称呼,热贡文化是热贡区域内各民族多元的、原生态文化类型的总称。多年来,黄南州为保护和弘扬热贡文化做了大量艰苦细致的工作,但也存在一些不容忽视的困难和问题。今后,要转变观念,继续加大对热贡文化的宣传,更好地保护热贡文化,推进热贡文化产业创新,切实解决资金短缺等问题。