我国世界文化遗产的时空分布——兼论我国世界文化遗产的申报

世界文化遗产已经成为许多旅游目的地的核心吸引物。我国的世界文化遗产数量居于世界第三,主要分布在黄河、长江流域,从遗产项目入选的时间看呈突变型、渐变型和平稳型三阶段特征,入选项目以符合世界文化遗产遴选标准第Ⅱ项和第Ⅲ项的居多,且以佛教文化遗存为多。目前我国比较重视对线性文化遗产、工业遗产、文化景观等的保护。本文认为：下一步开展申报时,要重视目前还没有世界文化遗产的部分省市,以体现文化的权力与利益平衡;在竞争性和选择性语境中,要宽容地对待各种历史文化遗产。     

符号表征与主客同位景观：民族文化旅游空间的一种后现代性——以“彝人古镇”为例

以旅游空间生产为主要特点的模拟的民族文化主题公园和人造景观是后现代旅游的一种典型代表。本文以云南“彝人古镇”为例,从空间生产角度对民族文化旅游所体现的后现代性特征及其社会效应进行探讨,认为“符号表征”与“主客同位景观”分别是民族文化旅游空间客体生产与主体生产的标志性特征。民族文化主题公园成就了存在主义原真性旅游体验,在少数民族文化遗产旅游利用与保护方面具有积极意义。     

旅游表演的文化产业生产模式:深圳华侨城主题公园个案研究

旅游表演是旅游体验的重要来源。深圳华侨城主题公园已发展起以大型广场巡游、音乐舞蹈史诗演出为主,辅以景点表演、节庆活动、以及影视多媒体技术支持的旅游表演体系。大型旅游表演的生产流程包括原创和融资、主创和设计、表演场地和舞台制作、相关配套设备和服务采购、演员排练、节目中试、宣传和营销、正式公演、演出产品的后期组合和拼装、版权产品开发和销售以及演艺节目的对外输出等11个阶段,并与相关和配套服务产业共同构成庞大的旅游表演产业体系。通过艺术和商业的融合、功利和公益的兼顾、不同生产环节中本地一外地关联业务的分工、创新和变化,形成福特一后福特双重机制的文化产业生产模式。     

古村落旅游社区居民生活满意度及社区建设研究——以世界文化遗产皖南古村落为例

在市场需求与政府战略双重导向的推动下,古村落正日益发展成为国内重要的旅游地类型。本文以世界文化遗产皖南古村落为案例,通过对调查所得数据采用均值分析、相关分析和矩阵分析等方法,分析了古村落居民的社区生活满意度及其影响因素,提出了未来古村落旅游社区建设的重点和方向。分析结果表明：（1）住房条件、经济收入水平、学校教育、村民参与事务管理状况、社会福利和社会保障等是古村落社区建设与发展中急需改进的因素,也是未来工作中的重点建设方向;（2）村容村貌、道路交通、村内环境卫生、自然环境、基础设施、消防设施、医疗服务等是需要重点维护和完善的因素;（3）物价水平、休闲娱乐设施、就业机会、当地政府工作、公共休闲空间、文体设施等是可以逐步解决的因素;（4）与其他村民的关系处理、购物方便程度、社会治安等是需要不断维护的方面。     

The Results of Cultural Management of the Croatian Archaeological Heritage with Special Consideration for Cost Effectiveness: The Case of Roman Iovia (Ludbreg)

Abstract

During the four seasons of excavations of the Roman town of Iovia-Botivo (present-day Ludbreg, Croatia), a smaller bath and sizeable (presumably public) building were discovered. An optimal plan for presentation was made with all due consideration for the site’s speci?c situation. The plan encompassed scholarly and professional requirements concerning conservation in situ combined with the needs of successful cultural management, thus resulting in alignment between the latter two factors as well as cost effectiveness. By applying the aforementioned principles (which served more as guidelines rather than rigid edicts) and facilitating successful, interdisciplinary cooperation between the national government, the municipal authorities, and researchers, it was possible to provide a sound, legally secure future for this site.     

非物质文化遗产转型为旅游产品的路径研究——以大型天然溶洞实景舞台剧《夷水丽川》为例

近年来非物质文化遗产的保护与旅游开发问题倍受各方关注.以<印象·刘三姐>为代表的大型实景舞台剧成为非物质文化遗产转型为旅游产品的重要栽体形式,带来了巨大的市场效应.基于恩施腾龙洞<夷水丽川>实景舞台剧的实践表明,大型实景舞台剧确实为非物质文化遗产转型为旅游产品提供了重要的载体形式,也是非物质文化遗产转型为旅游产品的成功路径.同时,这种转型必须遵从非物质文化遗产的原真性,必须与天然物质景观交融呼应,才有可持续发展的活力.     

我国文化遗产保护科技成果转化对策研究——基于文化遗产保护科技成果供求分析

进入"十二五"后,文物保护领域面临着新的发展形势。其中,科学和技术成果转化问题受到了高度关注,成为当前文化遗产保护领域的一大热点问题。目前,由于我国文化遗产保护科技成果转化的特殊性和相关领域科技事业发展的阶段性,文化遗产保护科技供给与需求脱节,科技成果转化率不高。针对这种状况,国家应建立激励评价体制,促进文博系统内外的合作,保证科技成果的有效供给和有效需求。     

纳西东巴民族文化传统传承与乡村旅游发展研究--以云南丽江三元村乡村旅游开发为例

本文选择"世界文化遗产"丽江(大研)古镇近旁的三元村作为乡村旅游研究对象,以其原生态民族文化为靓点,发展特色独具的乡村旅游,补偿"世界文化遗产"核心区丽江古镇纳西东巴文化受到过分商业化的冲击和原创文化不断流失的缺陷,搭建高端民族文化型乡村旅游平台,其主要目标是吸引中远程游客,满足其深入了解,亲身体验原创性民族文化的真谛之需,同时又推动民族地区乡村经济开放式健康发展,保障优秀民族文化得以传承。     

文化权理论在少数民族社区旅游发展中的应用研究—以四川省理县桃坪羌寨为例

文化权的主体是拥有、认同该文化的少数民族全体,主要包括文化自决权、文化发展权和文化使用权。企业资本介入到少数民族社区旅游开发后,少数民族的文化权被忽视、盗用和滥用的现象屡屡发生。本文拟从文化权理论的视角,通过具体案例分析少数民族社区旅游发展过程中出现的矛盾和冲突,探讨在企业资本介入后如何让少数民族自身在社区旅游发展中成为真正的受益者,从而让少数民族自身产生主动保护和传承民族文化的内在激励,实现少数民族传统文化资源的可持续利用。     

The Agote Map of Hainan Island,China: A Case Study for Cultural Dialogue in Eighteenth-Century Cartography

The idea of cartography as an example of Western imposition or process of cultural transfer is one that has long fascinated scholars interested in the margins of empires. This article analyses the maps in the possession of Manuel Agote, a Spanish factor in Canton at the end of the eighteenth century. The focus is on the use made by Agote of a Chinese map of Hainan, together with the European maps available already in China for commercial interests, and the way this reflects the cultural dialogue that was operating among local and foreign cartographers engaged in similar European mapping activities in the region.     

Taphonomic resolution and hominin subsistence behaviour in the Lower Palaeolithic: differing data scales and interpretive frameworks at Boxgrove and Swanscombe (UK)

The identification of human butchery-signatures on fauna from Lower Palaeolithic sites is well documented and readily identifiable. Such bone surface modifications have the potential to provide not only information about past hominin meat-procurement behaviour but address the wider issue of competition for resources with other carnivore species. To understand and discuss these broader issues both hominin and natural bone surface modifications must be understood and contextualised within a site-specific spatial and temporal framework. This paper presents new results from faunal analysis at two key British Lower Palaeolithic localities: Boxgrove and Swanscombe. It illustrates that different depositional environments and excavation histories have resulted in different scales and resolutions of available data and hence in varying interpretive potentials. At Swanscombe the archaeological record has been disturbed by both fluvial activity and excavation history providing a coarser-grained record of anthropogenic behaviour than previously acknowledged. Conversely, at Boxgrove, a finer-grained, higher resolution record of human behaviours has been preserved; this, combined with both an extensive and intensive excavation strategy, has allowed for a broader discussion of hominin landscape use, resource competition and meat-procurement behaviour. This paper highlights that assessing the specific depositional environment at each site is crucial to understanding Palaeolithic faunal assemblage formation and, consequently, the available data-resolution and behavioural interpretation.     

Letting Indigenous People Talk About Their Country: a Case Study of Cross‐Cultural (Mis)communication in an Environmental Management Planning Process

This paper presents a case study, based on the experiences of two senior Aboriginal traditional owners who were engaged in negotiations surrounding the establishment of a Regional Forest Agreement (RFA) in southeast Queensland. This case is notable as an illustration of the capacity of natural resource management planning, through negotiation within a formal process, to extinguish native title. Importantly, the personal experiences of two senior Aboriginal people provide an insight into a situation designed to enhance interactions between government and community, with the overt intention of improving natural resource management. However, the record of this personal experience indicates that the communication was less than satisfactory and that the outcomes, at least in terms of the experiences recorded here, of the individual senior Aboriginal community members, was less than satisfactory. We conclude that, despite best intentions, there is an important lack of provision for community influence or power, including any legal or administrative institutional framework. We also conclude that there are important institutional and social processes of engagement still to be developed, including ways of engaging the community more widely that has conventionally been the case.     

Trampling vs. Retouch in a Lithic Assemblage: A Case Study from a Middle Stone Age Site,Steenbokfontein 9KR (Limpopo,South Africa)

At the site of Steenbokfontein 9KR, virtually 80% of the lithic blanks presented retouch—an extreme proportion for Middle Stone Age assemblages. The high percentage of putative retouch led us to investigate whether post-depositional processes played a role in the preservation of the lithic assemblage. We designed and performed an experiment that reproduced all the archaeological conditions inferred from the site formation analyses to determine if the archaeological assemblage was trampled or retouched. We defined several qualitative attributes and studied both trampled and retouched experimental samples, and compared them to the archaeological material. We subsequently performed different statistical analyses and a correspondence analysis with all the macro qualitative attributes that we defined. We were then able to discern which attributes were the most eloquent variables and assess the usefulness of a multivariate analysis in discriminating between trampling and retouch.     

Reduction of topography effect in inductive electromagnetic profiles: application on coastal sambaqui (shell mound) archaeological site in Santa Catarina state, Brazil

We present results of electrical conductivity profiles obtained with inductive electromagnetic geophysical method in Santa Marta archaeological site, Santa Catarina State, southern Brazil. This site is a sambaqui (shell mound), in which several human occupation remains are found during pre-colonial period such as buried lithic and bone artifacts, fire-place, etc. Most of these mounds include as well many human burials, which, in many cases, point to funerary ritual as a main agency for mound building. A set of profiles of apparent electrical conductivity and magnetic susceptibility was acquired in two sites aiming the identification of geophysical anomalies with potential interest for excavation. To enhance conductivity data, we applied an effective procedure to remove topographical effects in the apparent conductivity measurements, which are rather conditioned by the presence of a variable water table depth or conductive sediment layer. A linear dependence among conductivity values and the site elevation provided a simple linear model to remove the influence of topography. Corrected electric conductivity maps substantially improved the definition of anomalies, many of them rather subtle in raw data images. Corrected maps also show a better adherence with magnetic susceptibility maps, both of them identifying archaeological structures of interest: a well-structured fire-place and a concentration of ceramic fragments.     

Information and Confusion: Russian Resident Diplomacy and Peter A. Tolstoi’s Arrival in the Ottoman Empire (1702–1703)

Abstract

This article explores the arrival of the first Russian resident ambassador to the Ottoman Empire in a period when Russian diplomacy underwent major transformations. It focuses on Peter A. Tolstoi’s network and the management of information gathered during the first year of his appointment in Adrianople (1702–03). The article revisits the notion of resident ambassador, not as a hallmark of ‘modern European diplomacy’ with an overemphasis on the diplomat as a state-representative and office-holder, on the states system, or on institutional reform, but to suggest that a resident embassy in the early modern period was more than a formal, self-contained, and sovereign institution located in a particular place. The transformation from ad-hoc to resident diplomacy in Russian–Ottoman relations did not originate from the adoption of European diplomatic norms alone: it created new or relied on the existing trans-imperial networks of the ambassador rather than on bilateral inter-state relations. The example of Russian–Ottoman relations demonstrates that while the new diplomacy introduced by Peter I was driven by Europeanization and reform, the transformations emerged from the adaptation to circumstances in different locations and depended on the development of contacts embedded in the geo-cultural and religious entanglements of the region.     

Biomolecular archaeology of ancient tuberculosis: response to “Deficiencies and challenges in the study of ancient tuberculosis DNA” by Wilbur et al. (2009)

It is sixteen years since the first detection of Mycobacterium tuberculosis DNA in archaeological specimens, yet the validity of findings continues to be questioned. Rigorous scientific scrutiny and debate is valuable and has led to a coalescence of procedures and precautions amongst those actively engaged in this work. It is disappointing that these good practices are not recognised by certain scientists whose primary expertise is in the related fields of archaeology, palaeopathology, and eukaryote ancient DNA. There is a danger that by constant repetition, disputable and inadequately justified concerns will assume the status of self-perpetuating myths and misunderstandings. We discuss these issues with reference to a recent article in this journal, in which clear peer-reviewed scientific data were specifically targeted as part of a general critique of the field of the palaeomicrobiology of tuberculosis. We believe we have given sufficient evidence and cogent argument to persuade the unbiased reader that the views in the critique by Wilbur et al. are unjustified.     

A Multidisciplinary Approach for the Archaeometric Study of Pozzolanic Aggregate in Roman Mortars: The Case of Villa dei Quintili (Rome,Italy)

This contribution focuses on the study of historical mortars from a Roman archaeological site known as Villa dei Quintili, a monumental villa located in the south‐eastern part of Rome (Italy). The study was carried out on 38 mortar samples, collected from several edifices within the complex. A multi‐analytical approach, including polarized optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy coupled with energy‐dispersive system and laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, was used to analyse the pozzolanic material used for the preparation of mortars. Data obtained on both major and trace elements were compared with the compositions of Pozzolana Rossa, Pozzolana Nera and Pozzolanella samples from the Alban Hills volcanic district, collected from a historic quarry nearby, as well as with literature data. The results of such a multidisciplinary approach allowed us to recognize the use of all three pozzolan types for the aggregate fraction of examined mortars from the Villa dei Quintili.     

The Role of Bubo virginianus magellanicus as Rodent Bone Accumulator in Archaeological Sites: A Case Study for the Atuel River (Mendoza,Argentina)

Micromammalian bone assemblages from modern pellets of the strigiform Bubo virginianus magellanicus, from the upper Atuel River (southern Mendoza, Argentina), were taphonomically analysed. The results allow us to place B. v. magellanicus in the category of intermediate modification (Category 2). This sample has also been compared with results from other members of this genus, in order to classify B. v. magellanicus as a taphonomic agent. The participation of the Bubo species in archaeological accumulations has been documented, but in Argentina, the role of B. v. magellanicus has been reported up to the present. It is partly because of the sequence of one archaeological site in the south of Mendoza Province called Laguna El Sosneado‐3 (LS‐3). However, considering the absence of a current taphonomic model of this owl, this participation was mentioned as a hypothesis. In the current investigation, archaeological and modern samples have been compared. The results indicate that the skeletal element assemblages recovered from LS‐3 were accumulated by strigiform birds. Taphonomical evidence of light modifications on units I and IV indicates that Tyto alba (Category 1) was probably the main species involved in these units, whereas the taphonomical evidence on skeletal element assemblages recovered from units II and III suggests the action of a strigiform with a major category of modification such as B. v. magellanicus. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Experimental micromorphology in Tierra del Fuego (Argentina): building a reference collection for the study of shell middens in cold climates

Commonly used in archaeological contexts, micromorphology did not see a parallel advance in the field of experimental archaeology. Drawing from early work conducted in the 1990’s on ethnohistoric sites in the Beagle Channel, we analyze a set of 25 thin sections taken from control features and experimental tests. The control features include animal pathways and environmental contexts (beach samples, forest litter, soils from the proximities of archaeological sites), while the experimental samples comprise anthropic structures, such as hearths, and valves of Mytilus edulis (the most important component of shell middens in the region) heated from 200 °C to 800 °C. Their micromorphological study constitutes a modern analogue to assist archaeologists studying site formation and ethnographical settings in cold climates, with particular emphasis on shell midden contexts.     

Evidence for early viticulture in China: proof of a grapevine (Vitis vinifera L., Vitaceae) in the Yanghai Tombs,Xinjiang

A stem was discovered in the Yanghai Tombs, Turpan District in Xinjiang, China. Anatomical features showed it to be of grape (Vitis vinifera L.). Radiocarbon dating indicates it to be nearly 2300 years old, which would suggest that there was grape cultivation at least from that time. To date, this is the earliest physical evidence of V. vinifera cultivation in China.