隋唐时期收复辽东的战争

辽东或称辽左、辽海,泛指今辽河流域及其以东广大地区。自战国燕置辽东郡始,辽东地区一直处于中原王朝的直接管辖之下,成为其领土重要组成部分。5世纪初,前汉末年兴起于浑江中下游一带的高句丽逐渐强大,趁中原王朝衰弱之机,逐渐占有辽东地区。在汉代郡县区域内发展起来的高句丽,在魏晋南北朝时期,一直和南北方的中原王朝保持着密切的关系。在政治上,接受中原王朝的封号,为其藩附;在经济上,向中原王朝纳贡。隋朝建立后,用兵东北,意在收复高句丽地方割据政权统治下的辽东。隋朝灭亡后,唐朝初年继续用兵辽东。这是隋唐统     

成化年间明与朝鲜两次征讨建州女真

成化年间,明与朝鲜两次征讨建州女真是由于建州女真掠夺明与朝鲜的财物造成的。由于农业生产的发展,人口的增加,大大刺激了建州女真对明朝辽东、朝鲜的人口和财富的掠夺,严重地威胁了明朝辽东和朝鲜鸭绿江畔的安全,于是明朝与朝鲜决定征讨建州女真。明与朝鲜两次征建州女真,使强盛的建州三卫衰落下去,处于分散、衰微的状态。但明与朝鲜对建州女真的征讨并没有从根本上解决与建州女真的矛盾,反而激起建州女真的更大仇恨。     

关于“辽东”的考辨

本文着重对历史上“辽东”这一概念的不同层次关系作了考证。文中认为,战国燕国置辽东郡以前,历史文献有关于“辽东”这一地理概念的运用,有其一定的地理范围,可称为“古辽东”。燕置辽东郡后,历经秦汉以后沿置约达７００年。不论作为地理概念的“古辽东”或“行政区划的“辽东郡”,据可靠史载考析,其东部界线均在朝鲜半岛的清川江、大同江北部一带,或者说大部时间应在这一带地区。至于历史文献中出现的“辽东”这一概念的所指,不应一概论之,要具体分析。文中着重指出,联系箕子到达朝鲜半岛创业这段史实,不难看出,我国中原地区早就同朝鲜半岛信息相通,联系密切。燕国的辽东郡建置,是将“古辽东”顺理成章地正式纳入行政辖区。文中还对中外某些著述对“辽东”这一概念的错误认识作了廓清     

论邢玠在援朝御倭战争中的军事战略战术

邢玠作为万历时期援朝御倭战争后期的统帅,在朝鲜战场上发挥了重要的作用。他灵活应对战场形势,积极协调各方关系,在战略、战术的应用上＂稳＂中求＂巧＂,＂稳＂、＂巧＂结合,最终达到了二者的和谐统一,这是保障胜利的关键。     

论明代开原的地位和作用

开原僻在东北,它建城和兴起,是伴随辽,金崛起而实现的,元朝地位一度下降,明朝复又上升,是辽东最重要的路城,在奴尔干都同建立前和停止东巡之后。承担着控制辽东边外的主要职责,开原地位上升,除有其控扼要道,地势险要的得天独厚优势外,明朝固守辽东,羁縻边外的政治形势,使它处于三面毗邻蒙古,女真的关隘位置,是引起朝廷格外看重它的重要原因,有明一代,开原职掌女真互市,内迁安置,招抚,朝贡验放入关,赈济等事,为朝廷抚辑女真发挥了重要作用。     

历史节点上的山海关之战

明末内忧外患．风雨飘摇中的山海关成为各方势力角逐的战场．在此展开了一场撼人心魄的李自成与吴三桂“甲申”石河大战。这是农民起义军由胜利走向失败的重要转折点,     

辽东属国再探讨

辽东属国设立于汉安帝建光元年(121年),设置的主要背景在于东汉初年乌丸的内附,直接原因是安帝时期鲜卑与高句丽对幽州的侵扰。辽东属国首县昌辽(昌黎)经历了从西汉辽西郡东部都尉治所,到东汉初辽东郡西部都尉治所,最后到辽东属国都尉治所的变迁。东汉末年,辽东属国废于公孙氏政权。曹魏灭亡公孙氏政权后,鲜卑内附,复置辽东属国,后改其为昌黎郡,并为晋所继承。     

章高元与中日甲午战争——兼论章高元在胶州湾事件中的表现

清军将领章高元在中日甲午战争中奉命增援前往辽东战场,在盖平战役中他不畏强暴.奋勇杀敌,建树了英雄业绩,虽败尤荣,表现了可贵的爱国主义精神.章高元在胶州湾事件中坚持抵抗态度,但违心服从清廷旨意,对其后丧地负有一定责任.应肯定章高元是一个有作为的抵抗派人物,是功大于过的爱国将领.     

论明后期辽东安乐、自在州的变化——兼及辽东行政问题

明代辽东安乐、自在州是专管内迁女真达官的特殊建置,明中期以后随着对女真政策的调整,自在州南迁辽阳,改变了原有的管理模式。尤其弘治以后,随着辽东都司事权逐渐转手文官,巡抚、分巡、分守等临时派出官员权重事繁,然而却无类似地方机构的完善机制,管达官的安乐、自在州知州遂成了抚、道离不开的"差官",管马市,代管民人、粮储及委派审理军民刑讼等。两州抚缉女真的性质并无改变,知州兼管也无敕命。这种不正常现象反映的是辽东军政体制下文官有权却无相应运行机制的矛盾。     

从海龄之死看鸦片战争时期官方与民间的英雄认同

海龄由于其不恰当的军事手段,导致矛盾激化,矛盾聚焦于海龄在京口的活动、死亡方式。围绕其死亡方式,各方争端不断,持续长久。争端方对此各执一词,镇江人利用流言否认海龄殉节,与官方直接对立。争端折射出官方与民间在认同上的差异。     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the