The Chinese Pacifics: A Brief Historical Review

ABSTRACT

This survey reviews the growing role and presence of China in the Island Pacific. As the late Professor Ron Crocombe remarked, in the Pacific a major transition is under way from a range of European to Asian influences. Many Western observers have viewed this rise of Asian, and specifically Chinese, influence with alarm, but Crocombe saw it as offering Pacific Islanders new opportunities. This paper first analyses the diversity that can be masked by terms such as ‘China’ and ‘the Pacific’. Then it surveys recent literature on China in the Pacific and scholarship concerned with longer Chinese histories in the region that most recent commentators ignore and which question a number of their assertions. Finally, it suggests possible future directions for historical research on this topic.     

新考古学论纲

考古学(Archaeology)一词源于古希腊文,意即研究古代或古代事物的一门科学.17世纪后,其涵义稍有改变,指对含有美术价值的古物和古迹进行的研究.严格说来,考古学是根据古代人类通过各种活动遗留下来的实物,以研究古代社会历史的一门科学,但这仅为狭义考古学的定义.广义考古学是指对考古调查发掘所发现的一切遗物、遗迹,包括对各种动植物、矿物等资料进行分析和研究的一门学问,它有充实的内容,周密的方法,系统的理论和明确的目标.上述为传统意义上的考古学,20世纪五六十年代以来,考古学家采用放射性碳十四测定年代法、统计分析和计算机模拟系统等先进科学方法,发展了一种更加精确的技术,应用于古代人类制品的研究.这些现代技术根本上改变了对历史证据的看法,标志着考古学从研究文化史到研究文化发展过程的转变,这便是"新考古学".     

A Review of Swahili Archaeology

The Swahili people have been viewed as of Persian/Arabic or Cushitic-speaking origin. Scholars have used historical and archaeological data to support this hypothesis. However, linguistic and recent archaeological data suggest that the Swahili culture had its origin in the early first centuries AD. It was the early farming people who settled on the coast in the last centuries BC who first adopted iron technology and sailing techniques and founded the coastal settlements. The culture of the iron-using people spread to the rest of the coast of East Africa, its center changing from one place to another. Involvement in transoceanic trade from the early centuries AD contributed to the prosperity of the coastal communities as evidenced by coastal monuments. More than 1500 years of cultural continuity was offset by the arrival of European and Arab colonizers in the seventeenth and nineteenth centuries AD. Le peuple Swahili a souvent été consideré comme un peuple dont la langue avait pour origine le Perse/Arabe ou le Cushite. Les chercheurs ont utilisé des donées historiques et archéologiques afin de supporter cette hypothese. Cependant l'étude linguistique de cette langue, ainsi que de nouvelles découvertes archéologiques suggérent que la culture Swahili trouve son origine au début de l'ère chrétienne. Ils furent les premiers fermiers à s'installer le long du littoral, fondant des villages côtiers, vers les premiers siécles de notre ère, les premiers aussi à adopter les techniques du fer et les techniques de navigation. La culture du fer s'étendit rapidement au reste des côtes d'Afrique de l'Est, son centre se déplaçant d'un endroit à un autre. Leur implication dans le commerce océanique contrbua à la prosperité de leur communautés côtières, mise en évidence notamment par les monuments le long du littoral. Plus de 1500 ans de continuité culturelle pris fin à l'arrivé des colonisateurs Européens et Arabes de dixseptième et dixhuitième siècles.     

Later Historical Archaeology in Iceland: A Review

This paper offers a general review of past and present archaeological work on the later historic period of Iceland, i.e. from the sixteenth century to the present day. Introduced by a brief sketch of the nature of Iceland??s history and archaeology, a chronological approach is taken in presenting previous and current research on sites and material of the later historic period. Starting in the mid-twentieth century, with minor work focused on a single ordinary farmstead, the 1970s and 1980s witnessed a growth of excavations largely on elite residences. Since the 1990s and into the present, such a focus has continued while also seeing a rise in development-led projects. Despite this, lack of publication or even general discussion of the archaeology of this period dominates the field in Iceland, problems which are only now being addressed.     

Medieval Landscape Archaeology in Italy: A Review

MEDIEVAL LANDSCAPE ARCHAEOLOGY in Italy is reviewed here by analysing the methodological approaches and the theoretical frameworks adopted by researchers working from the 1970s to the present day. Notwithstanding a kind of ‘resistance’ of Italian archaeology to theorisation, the intensive fieldwork and fruitful exchanges of the many teams working on the Peninsula have not only brought important achievements for the reconstruction of settlement patterns and landscape dynamics during Late Antiquity and the Middle Ages, but have also animated and enriched the debates about approaches and methodologies. The ‘Italian context’ is therefore framed within the European mainstream and the international panorama.     

略论中世纪泉州港的文化现象

泉州是中世纪世界上著名的国际性贸易大港,也是一个极富特色的中外文化交流的中心。越族文化、中原文化和海外文化,经过了西晋、唐、五代及宋元三个时期的撞击和融合,形成了泉州独特的地域性文化。     

从慈善事业看近代华侨精英与侨乡公共事务——以泉州花桥善举公所为例

结合近代百多年来沿海侨乡社会和慈善组织的历史变迁,以泉州花桥善举公所为例,分析阐述了华侨精英依托侨乡特殊社会文化网络,在地方公共事务发展中的主导作用。     

Archaeology and the Bible Revisited: A Review Article

David and Solomon, a new book by Israel Finkelstein and Niels Asher Silberman, through their discussion of Palestinian archaeology's current understanding, proposes to provide evidence to prove the accuracy of Frank Cross's more than 30 year old revision of Martin Noth's theory of a “Deuteronomistic History.” The authors attempt to confirm the history of the redaction of the biblical narratives about Saul, David and Solomon, involving seven distinct oral and four written strata of tradition. Their argument moreover claims the warrant to assert the historicity of each of these legendary kings of Israel. The present article argues to the contrary that the “archaeological evidence” proposed does not support such a redaction history nor establish the historicity of either the biblical figures or their stories, but that the harmony of biblical and archaeological issues is circular and illegitimate by the standards of historical research. It argues, moreover, that the claim of an oral tradition, reflecting original memories of an historical David or Saul is an entirely unnecessary and unlikely explanation for the origins of both the figures and their tales in the stories of 1-2 Samuel and 1 Kings. It moreover argues that the hypothesis of a redaction history in a succession of four cumulative revisions, beginning in the eighth century and completed in the sixth to fourth century, BCE—lacking as it does reference to a readable text—is neither critical nor falsifiable. Finally, Finkelstein and Silberman's book is judged as an unsuccessful attempt to return to the methods of “biblical archaeology” that were legitimately impeached in the mid-1970s.     

解剖性发掘及其聚落考古研究意义

在田野考古及聚落研究实践中,解剖性发掘是十分必要的。无论是各类遗迹的地上设施还是地下部分,都需要从未知的角度实施解剖性清理,这样才有可能获取有关埋藏过程与堆积特点方面的信息和证据。     

Local Histories in Global Perspective: A Local Elite Fellowship in the Port City of Quanzhou in Seventeenth-Century China

The Great Mosque of Quanzhou, as a distinctive community center, bound its residents through religious, professional, and educational ties; it also linked the mosque community to other communities with bonds of shared Muslim identity and minority status. The Great Mosque was rebuilt in 1609 under the supervision of the Confucian scholar Li Guangjin. This significant event is evidence of a local elite fellowship in seventeenth-century Quanzhou consisting of three well-known Confucian scholars—Li Zhi, Li Guangjin, and He Qiaoyuan—who had close ties to their Muslim neighbors. They left meticulous records of merchants, particularly Muslim traders. This paper focuses on the fellowship among the three men in order to investigate Quanzhou’s connections to the broader world of global commercial and religious networks and to look more closely at local community life.     

江南地区古遗址古墓葬水环境治理的案例介绍

近三年,南京博物院在保护江南古遗址古墓葬的过程中,采取了隔(用防渗毯等方法隔住室内东西南北及地下的渗水和室外的雨水)、引(将高处及地下渗水引入设计的特殊盲沟)、防(对土壤表面进行加固与预防处理,达到固结土壤防止滋长霉菌与青苔)三种水环境的治理方法,从而使保护的古遗址古墓葬基本不再受多雨、高湿、高温环境的影响,取得了显著的保护成效。     

Forty years of Industrial Archaeology Review: A Personal View

ABSTRACT

This article presents a personal view of the origins and development of Industrial Archaeology Review in the 40th volume of its publication. This is preceded by an account of the earlier journals to publish articles on industrial archaeology, as well as a brief account of such articles in the sister journal, Post-Medieval Archaeology. A short history of Industrial Archaeology Review is included for future reference purposes. The range of authors contributing to the journal is considered, from the volunteers in local industrial archaeology societies to the professional archaeologists of the later period. Attention is given to the importance of the publication of the annual Rolt Memorial Lectures, as well as the occasional themed issues where articles on specific topics have been grouped together. Finally, the article suggests how best use can be made, in this article and in the journal generally, of the advantages of digitisation.     

贵州安顺宁谷龙滩汉墓清理简报

1994～2007年,先后在安顺宁谷龙滩清理了东汉晚期墓葬4座,其中2座石室墓(M29、M31),2座砖室墓(M30、M32),皆为带甬道的单室券顶结构,被盗严重,墓内残存少量随葬品。M31墓道内发现祭祀遗迹。     

泉州闽台馆馆藏木质类文物的保护处理

福建泉州闽台关系史博物馆多年来收藏的大批木质类文物,不少遭虫蛀和霉菌侵袭。为了不让这些滋生虫菌的文物带到新馆,对这些文物进行了保护处理。先采用溴甲烷常压熏蒸方法杀灭木质文物体内和体表的成虫、虫卵和菌丝。再用软毛刷对木雕文物表面灰尘等物进行小心刷除,然后用水或25%酒精或酒精和丙酮混合液仔细擦拭清洁处理。再用Sparpec 08木材防蛀防腐剂进行渗透处理。保护处理结果表明,本方法技术简单、快捷、易于掌握、实用性强,适用于大批量藏品的杀虫灭菌保护。     

一门馆藏明天启四年红夷大炮的探讨

泉州海外交通史博物馆藏的一门明天启四年红夷大炮是我国保存下来的最早自铸的红夷大炮之一.为了对其铭文、长度、重量、铸造地点和工艺作深入探讨,采用金相显微镜、Vario El元素分析仪、电感耦合等离子体发射(ICP-AES)检测手段,对此炮进行了金相和成分分析.结果表明,泉州明天启四年红夷大炮为灰口铁铸造,其锈蚀程度较轻的原因需结合保存环境和材质本身进行深入研究.     

Impact of Roots and Rhizomes on Wetland Archaeology: A Review

The general premise for successful archaeological in situ preservation in wetlands is that raising the water table will ‘seal the grave’ by preventing oxygen from reaching the deposit. The present review reveals that this may not be the entire picture, as a change in habitat may introduce new plant species that can damage site stratigraphy and artefacts. However, reviews on the types and degree of damage caused by vegetation to archaeological remains preserved in situ in wetlands have hitherto only been sporadically treated in the literature. Thus, this paper provides an overview of the adverse effects that various plants species have on the preservation status of wetland archaeology.Disturbance, due to growth of roots and rhizomes of the surrounding soil is denoted contextual disturbance, whereas deterioration of archaeological remains per se acts by several root-related factors that may be spatially and temporally concomitant. In waterlogged anoxic environments, deterioration is mainly related to (i) preferential growth of roots/rhizomes due to nutrient uptake and lesser soil resistance, (ii) root etching due to organic acid exudates, (iii) microbial growth due to root release of oxygen and labile organic compounds, and/or (iv) precipitation of hydroxides due to root release of oxygen. For example, roots of some wetland plants, such as marsh horsetail (Equisetum palustre), have been documented to penetrate archaeological artefacts down to c. 2 m in waterlogged anoxic soils. Here, we demonstrate that cultural heritage site management may unintentionally introduce deep-rooted or exudate aggressive plants by invoking change in hydrological conditions. Moreover, the implementation of biomass energy utilization and agricultural root depth optimization on a worldwide basis stresses the need for more research within root and rhizome impact on archaeological remains in wetlands. In conclusion, the worst-case scenario may be in situ deterioration instead of preservation, and one essential threat to archaeological wetland sites is the impact of wetland vegetation.     

Fieldwork Methodology in South American Maritime Archaeology: A Critical Review

In archaeology, data obtained from the analysis of material evidence (i.e., the archaeological record) from extensive excavations have been a significant means for the ultimate development of interpretations about human life in the past. Therefore, the methodological procedures and tools employed during fieldwork are of crucial importance due to their effect on the information likely to be recovered. In the case of maritime archaeology, the development of rigorous methods and techniques allowed for reaching outcomes as solid as those from the work performed on land. These improvements constituted one of the principal supports—if not, the most important pillar—for its acceptance as a scientific field of study. Over time, the growing diversity of sites under study (e.g., shipwrecks, ports, dockyards, and prehistoric settlements) and the underwater environments encountered made it clear that there was a need for the application of specific methodological criteria, in accordance with the particularities of the sites and of each study (e.g., the research aims and the available resources). This article presents some ideas concerning the methodologies used in South American investigations that have exhibited a strong emphasis on the analysis of historical shipwrecks (the sixteenth to twentieth centuries). Based on a state-of-the-knowledge review of these research projects, in particular where excavations were conducted, the article focuses on the details of the main strategies adopted and results achieved. The ideas proposed in this article can be useful as a starting point for future activities of surveying, recording, and excavating shipwrecks.     

宋元泉州外侨社区的兴衰及其启示

宋元泉州外国侨民社区的形成是一个相当值得注意的问题。作为泉州港对外经济文化交流的作业平台,它的存亡与港口的兴衰有着密切的互动关系,无论其成功的经验还是衰落的教训,对我们今天建设海洋文化、重振古港雄风都是弥足珍贵的。