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1.
Jim S. Dolwick 《Journal of Maritime Archaeology》2008,3(1):15-41
This paper examines the concept of the ‘social,’ particularly from an archaeological perspective, and explores how it relates
to the ways in which we seek to understand the processes of technological innovation and change. It is demonstrated that the
concept ‘social’ is far from well defined and that enquiry is bedevilled by artificial polarization between subject-centred
approaches and object-centred particularism. Through the medium of early United States steamboat technology a different approach
is forged through the melding of people and things with the idea of viewing artefacts as active social actors along with people. Ultimately, it is argued that maritime archaeologists should be more bullish in their approaches
to material things—instead of adopting social theories ‘wholesale,’ we should insist that they include the things we study: boats, material objects, people, artefacts, landscapes and animals. 相似文献
2.
In recent years, the concept of ‘animism’ has gained considerable popularity among archaeologists in exploring non-Western
expressions of material culture. This development has also influenced recent academic approaches towards the study of ‘rock-art’
of people living as hunter and gatherers or in a hunting and gathering tradition. We argue here that attempts in this direction
so far are generally compromised, because they fail to take Indigenous philosophies and intellectual contributions seriously.
Any concern with Indigenous material expressions, including so-called rock-art, has to involve a critical re-assessment of
academic discourse itself and a challenge to the primacy of Western scientific and literary, academic methodologies. With
reference to the ‘rock-art’ and the world-view of the Ngarinyin (Kimberley, Northwest Australia), we present some preliminary
thoughts for the development of an alternative interpretative framework, while offering a (much needed) legitimacy to another
more balanced epistemology. 相似文献
3.
Alexandra Hofm?nner 《Archaeologies》2011,7(1):300-306
The Matthew and Matilda Effects in science were coined in 1968 (Robert K. Merton) and in 1993 (Margaret W. Rossiter) respectively,
as tools to analyse the reward systems of science. By proposing the African Eve Effect in science as a third effect, the original
scope for analysis of these systems is broadened from the social structure of science to the anthropological dimension of
science. Similarly, the ‘psychosocial processes’ that were considered as affecting the reward systems (Merton, Science 159:56–63,
1968) are extended to include discursive practices. The African Eve Effect refers to the scientific notion of the ‘African Eve’
(or mitochondrial (mtDNA) Eve), a concept put forward by scientists to designate the genetic mother of all modern humans.
Three discursive conventions constitute the African Eve Effect and together shape patterns of the distribution of recognition
for scientific work: projecting imaginative geographies of otherness onto the frontiers of science; collecting, transporting
and enframing material and ideas according to a Western epistemological order; and ‘evolutionising’ nature and the human in
science. The objective of this paper is to specify and illustrate an experimental tool for analysing the entanglement of the
reward system in science with culturally fashioned imaginaries and agendas. 相似文献
4.
Rodolfo Fattovich 《African Archaeological Review》2009,26(4):275-290
Yeha, in Tigray, is the most impressive site with evidence for South Arabian influence dating to the first millennium BC in
the northern Horn of Africa (Eritrea and northern Ethiopia). The evidence from this site was used to identify a ‘Pre-Aksumite’
or ‘Ethiopian-Sabean’ Period (mid-first millennium BC) when an early Afro-Arabian state apparently arose in the region. A
‘Pre-Aksumite Culture’, characterised by South Arabian elements, was also suggested as a distinctive archaeological culture
in northern Ethiopia and Eritrea. However, recent fieldwork in these countries suggests that a Pre-Aksumite culture actually
did not exist and South Arabian features were restricted to a few sites, which were scattered in a mosaic of different archaeological
cultures in the first millennium BC. This hypothesis is tested through a comparison between the ceramics from Yeha and those
from Matara and other sites of the first millennium BC in Tigray and Eritrea. 相似文献
5.
Mark Staniforth 《Journal of Maritime Archaeology》2008,3(2):93-102
Maritime archaeology is a multi-faceted discipline that requires both theoretical learning and practical skills training.
In the past most universities have approached the teaching of maritime archaeology as a full-time on-campus activity designed
for ‘traditional’ graduate students; primarily those in their early twenties who have recently come from full-time undergraduate
study and who are able to study on-campus. The needs of mature-age and other students who work and live in different places
(or countries) and therefore cannot attend lectures on a regular basis (or at all) have largely been ignored. This paper provides
a case study in the teaching of maritime archaeology from Australia that, in addition to ‘traditional’ on-campus teaching,
includes four main components: (1) learning field methods through field schools; (2) skills training through the AIMA/NAS
avocational training program; (3) distance learning topics available through CD-ROM and using the Internet; and (4) practicums,
internships and fellowships. The author argues that programs to teach maritime archaeology in the twenty first century need
to be flexible and to address the diverse needs of students who do not fit the ‘traditional’ model. This involves collaborative
partnerships with other universities as well as government underwater cultural heritage management agencies and museums, primarily
through field schools, practicums and internships. 相似文献
6.
Paul Widmer 《Indo-Iranian Journal》2007,50(3):215-228
Young Avestan nāuuiia-, Old Persian nāviyā, Sanskrit nāvyà-, all descending from Indo-Iranian *nāu̯ii̯a-, are usually glossed by ‘passable (only) by boat, not to be crossed without the help of a boat’. A closer examination of
the contexts they occur in reveals that the meaning ‘streaming, raging’ is much more appropriate. In consequence, *nāu̯ii̯a- can not be a secondary derivative of Indo-Iranian *nāu̯- ‘ship, boat’, which is improbable for other reasons as well. It is suggested that *nāu̯ii̯a- rather represents a primary formation derived from the Indo-Iranian root *nāu̯- ‘to flow’.
相似文献
7.
David W. Phillipson 《African Archaeological Review》2009,26(4):257-274
An overview is offered of the development of research—both archaeological and epigraphic—on the inhabitants of the northern
Horn during the first millennium bc. Initially, reconstructions of this period placed considerable emphasis on links with southern Arabia and tended to group
those into a single cultural category that was designated ‘Pre-Aksumite’. It is now argued that long-distance contacts were
much less pervasive, being largely restricted to the élite, and that other aspects of life—including much material culture
and subsistence economy—displayed strong local continuity from earlier times. Similarly, it is argued that interpretation
of the epigraphic evidence as indicating a single ‘Pre-Aksumite’ state called D'MT is unjustified. 相似文献
8.
The differences between China and Western countries in human and physical environment has brought about two distinctive models
of state. In the Chinese-style state of quasi-consanguinity, in which family and state have a similar structure, imperial
power, gentry power, and clan power are the product of common ownership of consanguineous groups. The similarity in the structures
of these three kinds of power derives from the fact that they are all restricted by the power of lineage generated from the
self-sufficient small farmer economy, and must obey the conventions of ancestors which hold the benefits of the group as supreme.
The relationship between these three kinds of power, is definitely not the one that is based on the division of power that
is founded on individual private ownership in Western countries, where ‘public power’ and ‘individual private ownership’ are
antithetic, but are three aspects of the patriarchal dictatorship that complement each other. Therefore, village rule in China
and autonomy in the West are two totally different concepts, and gentry power is also not the ‘authorized power’ from the
state.
__________
Translated from the Journal of Tianjin Normal University, 2004: 1 相似文献
9.
Metallurgy has been taken as essential to the development of Chinese civilization. Archaeological study has been particularistic
and evolutionary, tied to traditional Chinese historiography, and modern Marxist models of social development. Modern studies
suggest that metallurgy emerged independently in a ‘core’ area and then spread to ‘peripheral’ areas by way of political expansion
and cultural diffusion over many millennia, and that metallurgy was also homegrown. New excavations suggest: multiple early
centers of production; that the Chinese case belongs to a regional context; that native sources of ores were significant;
that metals were used in several pre-state level societies. 相似文献
10.
Ioannis Liritzis 《Geochronometria》2011,38(3):292-302
Daylight radiation resets luminescence ‘clock’ to zero on rock surfaces, but transmission depends on the transparency of the
rock. On burial, surfaces are no longer exposed to daylight and accumulation of trapped electrons takes place till the excavation.
This reduction of luminescence as a function of depth fulfils the prerequisite criterion of daylight bleaching. Thus rock
artefacts and monuments follow similar bleaching rationale as those for sediments. In limestone and marble, daylight can reach
depths of 0.5–1 mm and up to 16 mm respectively, while for other igneous rocks e.g. quartz in granites, partial bleaching
occurs up to 5mm depth under several hours of daylight exposures and almost complete beaching is achieved in the first 1 mm
within about 1 min daylight exposure. The ‘quartz technique’ for limestone monuments containing traces of quartz enables their
dating with Optically Stimulated Luminescence (OSL) techniques. The surface luminescence (thermoluminescence, TL or OSL) dating
has been developed and further refined on various aspects of equivalent dose determination, complex radiation geometry, incomplete
bleaching etc. A historical review of the development including important applications, along with some methodological aspects
are discussed. 相似文献
11.
Ericka Engelstad 《Journal of Archaeological Method and Theory》2007,14(3):217-234
Numerous publications on gender archaeology present case studies that incorporate gender in their analyses, but make little
use of feminist theory and critique, and are ambivalent or negative to feminism. Aspects of Norwegian, British and American
gender archaeology are discussed in relation to a desire for the ‘mainstream.’ The reasons for, and consequences of, a lack
of feminist theorizing and engagement are related to Donna Haraway’s concept of situated knowledges.
相似文献
Ericka EngelstadEmail: |
12.
The Mythical Moderns 总被引:1,自引:0,他引:1
Robert G. Bednarik 《Journal of World Prehistory》2008,21(2):85-102
Based on the most current information available on the Late Pleistocene palaeoanthropology of Europe, this paper presents
a revolutionary reassessment of the dominant models. The notions of an introduction of African technologies and the full replacement
of resident robust hominins are rejected. It is demonstrated that there exists no evidence that any of the Early Upper Palaeolithic
tool traditions, including the Aurignacian, were by ‘anatomically modern humans’. The introduction of hominin gracility, in
Europe and in three other continents, occurred gradually, over a period of several tens of millennia. What were replaced were
not entire continental populations, but robust genes in humans, through genetic drift, introgression and cultural selection
of gracile traits, initially in the females. Therefore ‘anatomically modern humans’, which were preceded by cognitive modernity,
are the result primarily of incidental selective breeding. 相似文献
13.
Jed Levin 《Archaeologies》2011,7(3):596-618
For seven-eighths of George Washington’s presidency a large Georgian townhouse in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, served as both
the President’s executive offices and residence. In the early years of this century the former location of this house became
the focus of intense public interest. The compelling story of the President’s House and its occupants, most particularly,
nine enslaved Africans who Washington brought with him to Philadelphia, provoked intense public dialogue and protest by a
diverse coalition of citizens. Public activism led to an archeological excavation where the power of an engaged citizenry
transformed an ‘orchestrated’ public archaeology project into a demonstration of public ownership of the past. 相似文献
14.
Richard Mackay Justin McCarthy Andrew Sneddon Graham Wilson 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2006,10(4):299-310
In 2002 Melbourne’s Casselden Place excavation provided a window into the urban past opened by an innovative relationship between the development industry, heritage consultancy and La Trobe University. The project demonstrated that with the support of consent authorities and the co-operation of the development industry, collaborations between the academic world and heritage consultants could be highly successful. The Casselden Place Project made a significant contribution to the ‘slum debate’ in Australia and delivered an enhanced understanding of the cultural, social and scientific significance of an inner-city block, and shed new light on a notorious chapter in the city’s history. 相似文献
15.
Yaacov Kahanov 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(1):102-125
Graffiti of ships were found on a wall of a courtyard of the Bahá’í mansion in the village of Mazra‘ih, near Akko, Israel.
It is suggested that three graffiti depict frigates, near Akko, the largest of about 850 t burden, some time in the second
quarter of the nineteenth century. This is evidence for maritime activities at Akko in these years, and for the type of ships. 相似文献
16.
Brent Vine 《Indo-Iranian Journal》1978,20(3-4):171-193
Summary Beginning with the synchronic metrical distribution of ná and ná ‘NEG’, we attempted to formulate, first, certain principles of Rig-Vedic exegesis (which we applied to several obscure or
hitherto imperfectly understood passages), and second, a theory concerning the origin of the comparative function of ná. Unlike previous explanations, the theory described above accounts in a systematic way for the formal, functional, and metrical
features of ná.
We considered, in addition, the following theoretical points: possible implications of ná phraseology for the historical analysis of Rig-Vedic meters; the lack of universal principles, as yet, for predicting the
direction and nature of secondary marking in the case of functional split of a particle; the interaction of secondary phraseological
patterns with original phraseology, resulting in synchronic irregularity in metrical distribution.
Finally, we suggested that the syntactic behavior of ná and ná ‘NEG’ confirms the theory presented here concerning the origin of ná. 相似文献
17.
Meghan C. L. Howey 《International Journal of Historical Archaeology》2011,15(3):329-357
Copper kettles, in high demand among indigenous communities of the Northeast/Great Lakes, became prominent items in the exchange
repertoires of early Basque, French and Dutch traders. Kettles’ origin with these “Others” and its connection to a medium
(copper) that had held symbolic significance for millennia led them to be used in an indigenous ‘metaphorical’ value regime
influencing trade during the late sixteenth/early seventeenth century. An artisan living on the threshold of colonial encounter
in Northern Michigan between 1470 and 1660 CE—having seen European goods but not having access to them—harnessed the mimetic
faculty to make a small, miniature, ceramic imitation or skeuomorph of a European trade kettle. Rather than the sincerest
form of flattery, I suggest this imitation was made to acquire the power of the original to fend off the colonial danger and
to connect to this symbolic value regime. I suggest the “magic” of mimesis offered personal and organizational power in the
indigenous Northeast/Great Lakes during early contact. This specific case speaks more broadly to how mimesis can provide a
robust framework for exploring the material cultures of colonial encounter. 相似文献
18.
Joshua Samuels 《Archaeologies》2010,6(1):62-81
Foucault’s concept of the “heterotopia” has been applied broadly throughout the humanities and social sciences. Archaeologies
of the recent past are well-suited to examine these “other spaces”: blurring the line between past and present while juxtaposing
archaeological, archival, and ethnographic data, they can draw attention to the gaps, contradictions, and alternate orderings
that make up the world around us. Using the extensive agricultural land reforms and building programs undertaken by Italy’s
Fascist government in Sicily in the 1940s as an example, I extend the heterotopia concept to an analysis of archaeological
landscapes, critically exploring the benefits and limitations of a heterotopic perspective in archaeological contexts. 相似文献
19.
Quentin Lewis 《Archaeologies》2010,6(1):150-166
Scholars have postulated that commodity fetishism represents Marx’s theory of capitalist materiality, but the content of that
theory is contested. I offer an archaeology of Marx’s material world in order to understand the development of the concept.
During his time in London, Marx wrote and published Capital: A Critique of Political Economy (1867), in which he outlined the concept of commodity fetishism. I demonstrate that he formed his analysis of commodity fetishism
from daily practices including shopping, and consuming tobacco, in combination with his research at the British Museum. I
take an experiential approach to archaeology that foregrounds Marx living in a world of objects, and posit a relationship
between his experiences and his understanding of commodities. In so doing, I show how Marx’s “everyday life” shaped his concept
of commodity fetishism, and how this concept could be useful to historical archaeologists. 相似文献