清代广州十三行与法国经贸文化交流

正清乾隆二十二年(1757年),清政府停止其他海关与西方国家的外贸职能,只保留粤海关与西方国家的贸易职能,直至清道光二十二年(1842年)《南京条约》签订,广州成为西方国家海路进入中国的指定通道和贸易唯一场所,史称中西贸易"一口通商"时期。广州在此后的八十多年成为自海路而来的欧美国家进行中西贸易的唯一口岸,与法国进行了丰富的经贸与科技文化等领域的交流,成为中法关系的重要见证,也对两国社会经济、科技、文化领域产生了重要影响。     

晚清常关考述

清代的税关 ,史称为榷关或“关榷”① ,其税收即为关税或“榷税”② 。而这些税收因为其来源不同 ,又可分为内地关税和国境关税 ③ 两种。清代的国境关税是指以贸易行为为目的而进出中国国境的商品所征收的关税 ,也就是通常所说的海关税 ;内地关税是指以贸易行为为目的而进出国内各关卡的商品所征收的关税 ,也就是通常所说的常关税。近代海关出现之前 ,榷关税收业务包括海关税与常关税两部分④ ;近代海关建立以后 ,榷关出现分化 ,原来的海关税业务被近代海关接管 ,并在此基础上建立起近代的海关制度 ;原来的常关税业务及其管理制度仍然保持…     

迈向新世纪的中日经贸关系

中日两国自1972年恢复邦交正常化以来,两国经贸关系发展十分迅猛。从1991年起,贸易额每年刷新历史最高记录。据日本海关统计,1997年日中贸易额达到7．6924万亿日元（约638亿美元）,是1972年的58倍。（I日本已成为中国最大的贸易伙伴,中国也成为日本第二大贸易伙伴。在21世纪即将到来之前,将一个什么样的中日经贸关系带入ZI世纪,是中日双方都应该思考的问题。本文试对当前中日经贸关系的现状和所面临的主要问题进行探讨,并对面向21世纪中日经贸关系的合作问题略陈己见。一、中日经贸关系的现状贸易现状：进入90年代以后,中日两国…     

广州海关大楼话今昔

康熙二十四年(1865),清政府设粤海关、闽海关、浙海关和江海关。其任务是代替历代市舶司管理海外贸易和征收关税事宜。粤海关设立,清政府就任命海关专职监督来管理海关全部事务。粤海关监督是由满族人担任的,任期一般为三年。     

1854年美国对华“修约”始末

中美《望厦条约》（即中美《五口贸易章程：海关税则》）第34条规定：“至各口情形不一,所有贸易及海面各款恐不无稍有变通之处,应俟十二年后,两国派员公平酌办。”1854年,英国借口《望厦条约》中有12年后“修约”的规定,援引片面最惠国条款,要求全面修改中英《南京条约》,进一步扩大英国在华权益。     

“给僧道度牒”与“命道箓司造周知册”——论明王朝的道教管理制度

明王朝道教管理制度由三大部分构成:其一,道教管理机构——管理道教的组织措施;其二,道士管理制度——"度牒"制;其三,宫观管理制度。明王朝道教管理从制度设计层面来看是合理的,然而明王朝道教管理制度的施行实践却不尽然。除了太祖和成祖严格执行外,其后诸帝皆有制不依,管理制度遭受破坏。     

一战后英美日对华贸易及其影响

一次世界大战以后的近十年间里,中国的对外贸易急剧增长,“呈扶摇直上之势”。据中国对外贸易的总值来看,从1918年的十亿四千多万海关两增长到1927年的十九亿三千多万海关两,增长幅度是惊人的。再从当时进出中国各港口的外贸船只的吨位数来看,大战期间一直维持在两千万吨左右,而到1927年,已经达到四千多万吨,有倍数之增。战后英美日三国对华掠夺性贸易的增长主要表现在如下几个方面: 1.中国对外贸易连年巨额入超。这是掠夺性贸易增长的最显著的表现,帝国主义在华扩张贸易势力,目的是对中同进行经济掠夺,列强通过控制中国进出口贸易的经营权,操纵进出口商品价格以及倾销过剩商品,对中国进行了疯狂的掠夺性贸易,使中国的入口贸易激增。假定1913的入口贸易总指数为100,则1919年为114,到1927年更增至177.7。而同时期内,中国的出口贸易虽有增长,但比较平稳,且远赶不上入口贸易的增长。下表所示是1914—1927年间中国的净进口货值和净出口货值(单位:千海关两):     

中俄双边旅游与进出口贸易互动关系的实证研究

以1998-2011年中俄两国旅游与贸易数据为基础,利用格兰杰因果关系检验发现俄国出境旅游是进出口贸易的单向格兰杰原因,中国进出口贸易是出境旅游的单向格兰杰原因。旅游与贸易互动关系研究结果表明:俄国出境旅游对进出口中国贸易均有着明显的推动作用,并对进口贸易的推动作用要明显强一些;中国进出口贸易对出境俄旅游都有明显的促进作用,进口贸易的促进作用要略强一点。俄罗斯断面看,占中国入境旅游比对对华贸易依存度有一定影响;中国断面看,中国对俄贸易依存度对出境俄旅游偏好和占俄入境旅游比影响均较大。两国旅游与贸易的互动性差异特征分析能为两国双边旅游与贸易良性互动发展提供相应参考。     

清代中越陆地边境跨境问题管理(1644-1840)

清朝前期(1644-1840年)是中越两国封建社会由盛转衰的时期,殖民者东来,中国周边面临殖民势力的扩张,虽然中越仍保持较密切的宗藩关系,但两国封建政府的边疆意识逐渐增强,对两国陆地边境的出入境、边境贸易、跨境流民、跨境通婚等跨国问题采取了一系列的管理措施,以确保边疆地区的安全与稳定。     

北京民国政府时期中美贸易关系述评

中美两国双边关系从贸易开始,又由贸易推进和发展。中美贸易是中美关系的主体,它在各个时期的演变对双边关系的发展有着巨大的影响,以往有关中美贸易关系的研究虽然受到重视,但具体的考察不够。本文拟将1912至1928年中美两国间的贸易关系作为研究对象,对此间中美贸易状况作一具体的考察,并对这一时期中美贸易的一些特点和影响两国贸易发展的诸因素,作一简要述评。 一、近代中美商贸关系的发展和民国成立后的激增     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.