海上丝绸之路与中西文化交流

丝绸之路起点于中国,自丝绸之路开通,中国与他国人民进行物质交流和文化交流。海上丝绸之路始于粤、闽;岭南一直是中国对外贸易和中西文化交流融合的主要地区。从西汉时起,中国人就从广东徐闻、广西合浦出海,在南海和印度洋上同外国通商。三国时期,孙权遣宣化从事朱应、中郎康泰联系南海诸国,他们所经历各听说的国家有100多个。刘宋以后,海上交通更加发达,“自梁革运,其奉正朔,修贡职,航海岁至,逾于前代矣。”随着海上丝绸之路的兴起发展与中西文化交流,对岭南,乃至中国社会科学文化的进步有着积极的推动作用。     

中国古代南海诸岛文献初步分析

<正> 一 汉魏晋南北朝时期 热带海洋中珊瑚礁体群集生成海上珊瑚洲,这种生物地形早在汉魏时已有记述。如吴国康泰在吴黄武至黄龙年间与朱应出使扶南后,写《扶南传》称:“涨海中,倒珊瑚洲,洲底有盘石,珊瑚生长     

浅析冷战以来美国南海政策的演变

南海问题出现于20世纪60年代末70年代初,涉及七方六国,是指中国与越南、菲律宾、马来西亚、印度尼西亚、文莱、中国台湾等国家及地区关于南沙群岛主权归属和领海、大陆架及专属经济区划分产生的争端,主要包括领土归属和管辖两方面的内容。美国是对南海问题具有影响力的区外国家。自冷战以来,美国不断调整其对南海的政策,以实现自身国家利益的最大化。美国不断插手南海事务不仅仅是政治上的原因,还有其经济、军事等方面的因素。本文试图分析美国自冷战以来,根据世界政治格局与自身的国家利益不断调整南海政策的历史过程。     

"三分天灾,七分人祸"说考辨

长期以来,有一种流行的说法:关于20世纪50年代末60年代初的三年严重经济困难时期,刘少奇提出是“三分天灾,七分人祸”。笔者在许多文章和书籍中见到过这种说法。然而从笔者掌握的材料看,这种说法是不够准确的。     

王刚:混不下去时求助毛主席

5月热播的电视剧《玉碎》,让王刚再次成焦点:他将一个商人的矛盾压抑、宽容圆滑演得丝丝入扣。20世纪80年代初,很多人在广播剧《夜幕下的哈尔滨》中迷上了声音富有磁性的王刚;20世纪80年代末,更多的人在《综艺大观》中认识了能言善辩的     

回家当农民的区委书记——忆我的舅爷李芝源

我的舅爷李芝源在20世纪50年代末60年代初,任宁夏自治区银南地区党委书记兼宁夏自治区党委副书记。在60年代初那场全国性的自然灾害中,因全家老小忍受不了饥饿,他以副省级的高干身份,举家回到农村当农民。     

纠“五风”,毛泽东重提“三大纪律 八项注意”

正20世纪50年代末60年代初的"大跃进"和"人民公社化运动",未能实现人们的预期,反而使国民经济和人民生活陷入困境。党中央经过调研发现,干部作风问题是加剧困难的重要原因。为此,1960年11月,中共中央颁发《关于彻底纠正"五风"问题的指示》,要求各级干部"彻底纠正十分错误的共产风、浮夸风、命令风、     

从社会主义商品生产到社会主义市场经济的理论发展轨迹

在新中国历史发展的不同阶段上,毛泽东、陈云和邓小平对计划和市场的理论与实践进行了不断的探索和创新,20世纪50年代末60年代初毛泽东关于社会主义商品生产的理论,70年代末和80年代初陈云关于社会主义计划经济与市场调节相结合的理论,70年代末至90年代初邓小平关于社会主义也可以搞市场经济的理论,都极大地丰富和发展了马克思主义,展现了我国从社会主义商品生产到社会主义计划经济和市场调节相结合再到社会主义市场经济的理论发展轨迹。     

简论毛泽东倡导和践行调查研究

社会主义建设时期,毛泽东继承和发扬了我党调查研究的优良传统。20世纪50年代末60年代初,在党内倡导并践行调查研充,在全国掀起了一次规模空前的调查研究高潮,为50年代末经济的转机起到明显的作用。     

浅谈女性主义的马克思主义

20世纪60年代末70年代初,西方女权主义者开始重视马克思主义理论的研究,在吸收和借鉴其思想的基础上形成了带有明显的马克思主义话语的女权主义流派。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

LEAD ISOTOPE ANALYSES OF ISLAMIC POTTERY GLAZES FROM FUSTAT,EGYPT*

Lead isotope analyses have been undertaken on a group of Islamic lead‐glazed pottery artefacts from Fustat, Egypt, spanning the period from the eighth to the 14th century ad , that had previously been the subject of a comprehensive typological, chronological, petrographic and technological study. Comparison of the lead isotope ratios for the glazes with those for lead ores from Egypt, Iran, Tunisia, Anatolia, Greece, Sardinia and Spain provided information on the possible sources of the lead used in the production of the glazes. The results show that the lead used in glaze production by the Islamic potters at Fustat was most probably obtained from distant ore sources in Iran or Tunisia, Sardinia, Spain and the Taurus Mountains. Different ore sources were favoured in different periods and, to a limited extent, for different types of pottery, but at no time did the Fustat potters use the potentially more accessible Egyptian ore sources.     

Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin,S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov

Schmidt, R., March 2007. Australian Cenozoic Bryozoa, 2: Free-living Cheilostomata of the Eocene St. Vincent Basin, S.A., including Bonellina gen. nov. Alcheringa 31, 67-84. ISSN 0311-5518.

Free-living bryozoans are diverse in the Eocene sediments of the St. Vincent Basin, South Australia. They include Bonellina pentagonalis gen. et sp. nov., Otionellina sp. cf. O. exigua (Tenison Woods), Otionellina sp. cf. O. cupola (Tenison Woods), Tubiporella magna (Tenison Woods), Celleporaria nummularia (Tenison Woods), and an indeterminate species only found as moulds. This diversity and abundance is highest in the sediments representing the initial transgressive marine facies, where they occur in ‘sand fauna’ bryozoan assemblages (e.g. with Melicerita and Siphonicytara). Free-living bryozoans decrease up-section and are absent from latest Eocene sediments, indicating a significant environmental shift.

Rolf Schmidt [rschmid@museum.vic.gov.au], Museum Victoria, Melbourne, Vic 3001, Australia; received 18.3.2005, revised 14.12.2005.