土遗址保护中的多学科应用

我国是世界上文明发源较早的国家之一,土遗址类文物数量众多,且大多仍在野外原址保存。这类文物由于自身的不可移动且构成复杂、破坏影响因素众多,这些特点决定了对其保护的复杂性。土遗址的保护必须依靠现代迅速发展的多学科的技术手段,利用多学科之间的协作对其进行全方位的综合保护,这就要求土遗址保护工作者必须掌握多学科的知识．认识和了解这些知识和技术手段在土遗址保护中所起到的作用。     

土遗址保护研究现状与进展

土遗址保护是一门新兴的科学。土遗址保护研究虽然取得了很大的进步,土遗址保护科学也已初具雏形,但是土遗址保护科学的理论体系还不成熟,土遗址的研究还没有规范,土遗址保护技术还不能满足保护工程的需要。随着大量先进技术的运用和社会需求的不断增大,它将进入快速发展期。     

土遗址防风化保护概况

土遗址的风化表现为遗址的表面在各种环境因素的作用下,原来因各种因素作用互相结合的土体颗粒之间的结合力减弱或消失,颗粒间距加大以至脱落,使表面减薄、形貌改变,由此造成承载文化信息的表层破坏的现象。探讨土遗址表面风化的原因、机理,以及对防风化保护材料的应用性研究,对保护大批濒临破坏的土遗址具有重要意义。     

土遗址保护中的加固过程研究

在使用化学材料对土遗址进行渗透加固保护的过程中,有很多因素影响着最终的加固效果。本文从最基础的加固过程着手,在综合借鉴现有研究成果的基础上,从土样规格、加固方法、固化环境、加固深度和加固效率等方面阐述了加固过程中应规范的问题。     

植物对土遗址的保护作用初探——以内蒙古东部地区土遗址为例

位于内蒙古东部的土遗址上普遍长有植物,由于植物本身对土遗址具有双重作用,既有保护作用,也有破坏作用,采用植物保护土遗址就是最大限度的发挥其有利的一面,故此研究植物在遗址中发挥的保护作用尤为重要.选择应昌路故城、元上都遗址和辽上京遗址作为研究对象,采用现场调查的方法从植被覆盖度、根系分布情况两方面研究植物对土遗址的作用.结果表明,遗址顶面普遍被以羊草、冰草、紫羊茅、马蔺、旋覆花为主的低矮草本植物覆盖,其覆盖度集中在30％～60％;这些植物对防止降水冲刷遗址有明显的作用,对遗址的整体外貌影响也比较小.因此,针对长有植被、雨蚀病害严重、其他保护手段技术还不成熟、达不到理想的保护效果的遗址,可采用植物保护土遗址,并且其思路是可行的.     

陕西几处土遗址保护方法的探索

土遗址历经千年的风雨洗礼,受自然因素和人为因素的破坏,其本体已经非常脆弱,而如何对其采取有效的保护措施及合理的展示手段．一直以来都是文物保护工作中的难点之一。本文通过笔者工作中所接触的几处宫殿及场馆遗址保护方式与做法的概述,从现在广泛使用的覆土封闭保护、砖砌封闭保护、棚罩式保护方式,以及土遗址现状保护的陈述和对其保护方式的相互比较,试图对土遗址的保护做初步探索,以期对土遗址的保护管理工作有所促进。     

土遗址保护利用模式探讨——以西安地区为例

土遗址是一个较为庞大的体系,它本身的特性决定了对其保护利用应尽量遵循原真性原则和可读性原则,其中原真性原则对应遗产保护,可读性原则对应遗产利用。西安地区土遗址保护利用模式可大致分为室内模式和露天模式。室内模式对保护遗址本身的原真性较为得力,但在原真环境保存方面有一定的欠缺,适用于经过考古发掘清理,需要展示多种遗迹现象的土遗址;露天模式在保护环境原真以及提高可读性方面有着重要意义,但应与室内模式有机地结合,才能达到理想效果,适用于原有形制不复杂,较为规整、对称的土遗址。     

土遗址保护锚固技术研究现状

锚杆锚固技术是加固土遗址的重要方法,可以有效地提高土遗址的稳定性。本文就目前土遗址保护中锚固技术的研究现状作了概述,介绍了土遗址保护工程中锚固技术和土木工程中锚固技术的差异,分析了目前应用较为广泛的几类土遗址锚杆的性质及研究应用现状,并对土遗址锚杆的破坏形式进行了总结,最后提出了目前土遗址保护锚固技术研究存在的问题。     

机械切割在土遗址搬迁保护中的应用研究

传统的人工掏挖装箱搬运分块过多,为尽量减少对土遗址本体的干预,本研究提出了采用机械切割方式对土遗址进行分块的方法。以上海广富林文化遗址"F12房址"搬迁保护工程为背景,设计了机械切割设备,试验初探了机械切割在土遗址搬迁保护中的应用,对水平切割速度、牵引力及设备等关键技术进行了针对性研究,并改进机械切割方案,成功应用于房址整体搬迁保护工程。研究表明:机械切割技术可应用于土遗址搬迁保护,有效减少分块数日,降低搬迁作业对遗址的损伤,可为相似的文物保护工程提供有益借鉴。     

硬度测量在土遗址保护中的应用问题

硬度试验是材料机械性能试验中最简单易行的一种试验方法。硬度值可以基本反映材料的强度特性,但它并非材料独立的基本性能,而是取决于其所采用的试验方法。各种硬度试验方法使用条件要求各异,如何根据土遗址特点,选择合适的硬度检测方法,保证检测精度是目前土遗址保护中需要解决的一个问题。本文在综合分析各种试验方法的基础上,给出了土遗址保护中硬度检测需要遵循的基本原则。     

In Situ Preservation and Monitoring of the James Matthews Shipwreck Site

Abstract

Over the past few decades, the archaeological community has been moving away from the more traditional methods of excavation and recovery of underwater cultural heritage towards a less intrusive management approach, essentially involving the preservation of sites in situ. This trend has been politically galvanized in Article 2, point 5 of the Convention on the Protection of the Underwater Cultural Heritage (), which states that ‘The preservation in-situ of underwater cultural heritage shall be considered as the ?rst option before allowing or engaging in any activities directed at this heritage’. Over the years, a number of different remediation strategies have been utilized in order to protect underwater cultural heritage sites in situ, and most of the techniques or combinations thereof involve reburial of sites. Reburial may be an appropriate means of stabilizing and decreasing the deterioration rate of a site, however, there needs to be a holistic approach to the study of the environment, before and after reburial, to gain a full understanding of the changes that are occurring on the site and determine the effectiveness of the technique.

In early 2000, the James Matthews, a copper-sheathed, wooden-hulled vessel wrecked in 1841 south of Fremantle, Western Australia, was identi?ed as being under considerable threat from increased site exposure due to a combination of natural near-shore sedimentary processes and industrial activity in the immediate area. An extensive on-site conservation survey was carried out to establish the state of preservation of the wreck and provide information regarding the physico-chemical and biological nature of the environment prior to the implementation of any mitigation strategy. In 2003 it was con?rmed that further exposure of the site was occurring and devising a management plan was of paramount importance.

Since this time a number of different reburial techniques have been trialled on the site and these include sand bags of differing material composition, polymeric shade cloth, arti?cial sea grass mats made from polyvinyl chloride bunting, and the use of interlocking medium density polyethylene ‘crash barrier’ units in a cofferdam arrangement to con?ne deposited sand. The geological, physico-chemical, and microbiological changes in the burial environments have been monitored over this time. Furthermore, the broader scale, near-shore sedimentary processes affecting the site are being assessed in order to establish the reasons behind the continuing sediment loss. In situ preservation of the iron ?ttings by cathodic protection has also been included in these ?eld trials. In this paper the results from these experiments will be summarized. This information will be used to ?nalize the design of the full-scale in situ preservation strategy for the site and assist in establishing a post-reburial monitoring programme that will measure the success of the adopted remediation technique.     

PARIS London: One Hundred and Fifty Years of Site Preservation

Abstract

This paper outlines the history of preservation in situ as practised in London over the last hundred and fifty years. It touches upon the early development of the City of London and the destruction of significant remains, which gradually lead to a heightening of sensitivities and public concern for preservation, particularly of built fabric such as the Roman defences. The role of cases such as the Walbrook Mithraeum and Rose Theatre are discussed, both influential in changing the relationship between development and archaeology. The paper concludes by noting how much we have learnt from past mistakes, but notes that more can be done to make these sites more accessible.     

Contributions of a Heritage Values-based Approach to Rock Art Management. Lessons from the Maloti-Drakensberg World Heritage Site,South Africa

This paper is based on rock art sites of the Maloti-Drakensberg massif (South African part), where more than 600 decorated shelters have thus far been identified. Being both institutionalised heritage sites open to the public and living heritage sites associated with various social practices and utilizations, their preservation requires us to consider the complexity of the values attributed to them. Combining a multidisciplinary and empirical approach, our paper highlights the processes of hybridization between attributed values, which therefore do not adhere to a strict category approach. Being strongly linked to the contexts in which they are articulated, their identification is coupled with a consideration of the macrodynamics in which rock art sites are integrated, as well as an analysis of the links between these different contexts and the value systems identified. In conclusion, the operational dimensions of such a methodology is questioned and some initial possibilities for action are proposed.     

In Situ Preservation of Ancient Floor Mosaics in Turkey

Abstract

As stated in the Burra Charter (1979) ‘A building or work should remain in its historical location. The moving of all or part of a building or work is unacceptable unless it is the sole means of ensuring its survival’. This statement has been neglected many times during rescue excavations in Turkey (e.g. Zeugma), whereas the destruction of ancient floor mosaics caused by lifting, especially when carried out by incompetent or inexperienced personnel at systematic archaeological excavations, has steered the authorities desire to preserve them in situ. However, due to the lack of conservation professionals and insufficient resources for conservation, it becomes a difficult issue to provide an effective preservation scheme for archaeological excavations. This paper aims to discuss this important issue in terms of the national legislation, preventative and interventive conservation approaches at various sites, exhibition and maintenance of mosaics, as well as the training of conservation technicians in Turkey.     

潮湿环境下古象牙的现场提取与保护——以三星堆遗址三号坑出土象牙为例

2020年10月,三星堆遗址新发现祭祀坑正式启动考古发掘工作。随着发掘工作的推进,大量象牙相继出土。由于长期埋藏于潮湿的地下环境,象牙基本处于饱水状态,保存状况较差。为了使象牙保持相对稳定的状态,在考古发掘现场针对不同象牙的发掘情况,采用高分子绷带进行固形处理,然后整体提取回实验室清理。清理完成的象牙,经过保湿杀菌处理后存放至低温高湿专用库房。三星堆遗址三号祭祀坑出土象牙的成功提取与保护,表明医用高分子绷带具有超越石膏提取法的应用优势,对类似出土遗物的现场保护工作有一定的借鉴作用。     

江苏昆山绰墩遗址第二次发掘报告

1999年江苏昆山绰墩遗址第二次发掘面积 320平方米,发现房址 3座、灰坑 6个、墓葬 20座,为太湖地区新石器时代文化增添了一批重要资料。     

江苏武进姬山遗址调查

姬山遗址是近年江苏境内发现的一处保存比较完整的新石器时代文化遗址,其以崧泽文化和良渚文化为主要内涵,遗址形态及遗存与著名的寺墩、赵陵山遗址极为相似。     

塔山中层一号房址性质探析

塔山中层崧泽化时期祭祀建筑遗存性质的认定,对良渚化“祭坛”的渊源探讨具有重要价值。     

东汉沅南县城故址考

东汉沅南县的设置距今已近二千年,当年该县城之故址何在?在《大清一统志》、光绪《桃源县志》、《读史方舆纪要》等古籍记载中,分别有不同说法,其中《大清一统志》的说法为近现代一些著述乃至工具书所采信。然而据《水经注》记载和其他史料考证,《大清一统志》的说法是错误的,光绪《桃源县志》亦误,唯《读史方舆纪要》之记载应为是。     

宜兴西溪遗址试掘简报

西溪遗址文化遗存可分为早、晚两个时期,早期时代相当于马家浜文化早期,晚期相当于马家浜文化向崧泽文化的过渡阶段,其资料证明太湖西部地区史前文化有着自身独特的内涵。