抗战期间国民政府的人力管制

进行人力管制是抗战期间国民政府采取的重大举措.实施这一举措的直接原因在于抗战的需要,即推行兵役制度、保障军需后勤、建设后方工业、平衡人力资源.国民政府为实施人力管制,设置了专门机构,进行大规模摸底调查与登记,制订出一系列法规.人力管制的具体对象和内容主要为:一般人力管制、技术员工管制、工资管制、实施国民义务劳动.在抗战最为艰苦的40年代初期,国民政府的人力管制为坚持持久抗战、最后夺取抗战的胜利提供了人力政策上的保证.但随着时间的推移和客观形势的变化,其效果则越来越差,最终与国民政府的预期理想相去甚远.     

论抗日战争期间国民政府的援朝政策

论抗日战争期间国民政府的援朝政策石源华国民政府对流亡在中国的朝鲜民族独立运动始终是支持的,但在全面抗战爆发后,具体支持方式和政策有所变化。抗战八年间,随着中国战局的变动及世界反法西斯战争形势的发展,国民政府援朝政策的重点、内容及其取得的结果,大致上经...     

全面抗战前期四川施行盐务新制的困境与破解之举

全面抗战前期,国民政府试图在盐务上“改制废岸”,但因战争等因素,至1939年5月四川才在国民政府指令下改行官收、官运、先行招商代运的制度。消息一经公布,便遭到盐商激烈抵制,并引起地方势力声援,新盐制施行举步维艰。究其原因,除国民政府与川商的利益冲突、四川官商对外来势力的排斥外,还与国民政府借施行新盐制从财权上整合四川地方势力,以加速国家化进程的政治意图相关。国民政府为了稳固四川,坚持抗战,采取了一些破解困局之举。最终,在国民政府软硬兼施下,四川官商被迫接受新盐制。这反映了国民政府中央内迁四川后,在坚持抗战与统整地方上所面临的困难,呈现了战时中央与地方政治生态的复杂性。     

1931—1938:汉冶萍公司与国民政府关系述略

九一八事变至武汉抗战是国民政府与汉冶萍公司关系处理的一个特殊时期。九一八事变后,国民政府囿于对日外交的考量,长期对汉冶萍采取放任态度;抗战爆发后则断然实施强拆内迁。这一方面体现了国民政府履行了债权人角色的意义,另一方面,也是最重要的,是为加强战时经济统制,增强中国抵抗日本侵略工业能力的一项重要举措。     

有关毛泽东对国民政府抗战态度评价的研讨

毛泽东对国民政府抗战态度的评价,大致经历:积极抗战、反共准备投降、反共投降与反共抗战交替变换、积极反共消极抗战、峨眉山观战下山摘桃子几个阶段.评断前后不同,是出于政治需要,随着国共关系和国共力量对比的变化而变化.国民政府"积极反共、消极抗日"说影响巨大.现在抗战史学界出现了修正此说的趋势.史学研究必须从史实出发,不能以领导人物的论断为依据.     

抗战时期成都民众出钱劳军运动

抗战爆发后,国民政府提出"有力出力,有钱出钱"口号,号召全国民众出钱劳军,以增强抗战力量。作为大后方根据地的成都民众积极响应政府号召,踊跃捐款献金,慰劳抗战将士。     

抗战时期国民政府经济游击队述论

抗战进入战略相持阶段,经济作战的作用日益突出,日寇封锁我国沿海交通,加紧了对国统区的经济封锁。主要活动于1940年3月——1941年11月期间的国民政府战区经济游击队,对敌施行全面的反经济封锁,牵制并消耗了敌人的有生力量和物资基础,对国民政府持久抗战起到一定的积极作用。但由于种种原因,国民政府的经济游击队未能达到预期的目的。     

边疆·卫生·抗战:全面抗战时期西北地区医疗卫生建设述论

全面抗战爆发后,西北地区的国防地位日显突出,国民政府为了保证抗战的顺利进行,开始推行战时西北卫生计划。为此,国民政府设立了西北卫生专员办事处,统筹西北地区医疗卫生事业的发展,协助各省建立地方卫生行政体系。在此基础上,西北各省开展了一系列的医疗卫生建设,以满足发展地方卫生、应对战时需求和服务国家抗战的需要。但由于中央和地...     

抗战爆发后中国对日本“战而不宣”之探析

七七事变爆发后,中日两国进入战争状态,在敌强我弱,国际环境不利于我的情况下,国民政府为抗战需要进行了艰难的战略选择。而对日"战而不宣"就是国民政府针对特定的历史环境,考虑到诸多因素而实施的最佳战略,它事实上有利于中国的抗战,符合中华民族的根本利益。     

重庆大轰炸下民众的生活

1937年7月7日,卢沟桥事变爆发,揭开了中国人民全面抗战的序幕。在淞沪会战失利、首都南京危急的严峻形势下,为统筹全局、长期抗战,国民政府于1937年11月20日公开发表《国民政府移驻重庆宣言》,重庆成为抗战首都。日本帝国主义为了摧毁中国人民的抗战意志,造成巨大的战略恐慌,从1938年2月至1944年12月,侵华日军集中其陆军和海军的主要航空兵力,对战时     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the