《古今图书集成》在渔业行业史志研究中的史料价值

由清代陈梦雷、蒋廷锡等人编撰的《古今图书集成》,康熙中陈梦雷等原辑,初称《古今图书汇编》,康熙改为今名。雍正初年蒋廷锡等奉旨再编,雍正四年（1726）完成。它以汇编一典一部作为结构层次,按事物类型,分历象、方舆、明伦、博物、理学、经济6个汇编,32个典,6109个部。其中历象汇编4典120部;方舆汇编4博物汇编4典     

说《古今图书集成》及其编者

《古今图书集成》是清修最大的一部类书,也是现存我国古代最大、最完整、结构最精善合理的一部类书。本文阐述了它的结构,比较了它与以往类书的不同,同时勾稽资料,证实了这部书的编撰,与雍正在序文中所说的蒋廷锡等无涉,它的真正编者是陈梦雷。     

清代殿本著录订误

通过梳理文献档案及考察殿本实物,发现以往书目著录殿本的刻竣时间存在讹误之处。经考证,相关书目著录发生讹误的殿本达二十余种。例如,《古今图书集成》为雍正六年而非雍正四年铜活字印本,《八旗满洲氏族通谱》为乾隆十一年而非乾隆九年刻本,《钦定古香斋袖珍本》为乾隆十一年而非乾隆十三年刻本,《大清一统志》为乾隆十六年而非乾隆九年刻本。     

《古今图书集成》考证拾零

《古今图书集成》是清代内府编纂的第一部大型类书,也是以铜活字刷印的宏篇巨著,它在图书发展史中占有重要地位。对于《古今图书集成》,国内外学者十分珍视,并有不少人撰文对它进行研究和评介。但限于条件,有些问題一时难于搞清,因而有关该书的基本情况至今众说不一。本文就有关问題结合所见到的史料做些考证和情况补充,供研究参考。     

清代的铜活字

我国发明活字印刷术最早,而在我国印刷史上雕版却常占上风,活字板只不过居于次要地位。这是与欧洲各国不同的地方。我国流行的非金属活字多为木活字,而金属活字则以铜活字为主。铜活字或称"活字铜板",或称"铜字板",或名"聚珍铜板",亦名"铜摆板",又简称"铜板",有时简写为"仝板",或"同板"。明代在江苏南部与福建芝城(即建宁府城)、建阳一带较为流行。清代铜活字大家所熟知的有内府印的《古今图书集成》,至于民间是否有铜活字,过去藏书家很少注意,有的甚至说几乎是没有的。现在就谈谈清代的铜活字:     

《古今图书集成》版本考

《古今图书集成》编制过程留世档案很少,所以许多细节问题多有待考证,另外由于卷帙浩繁,出版印刷时间较长,各图书馆在著录版本和出版印刷时问等细节上,也常有错误之处。特别是最近国内外《古今图书集成》零本的高价拍卖,使了解此书版本情况的读者日益增多。本文经过多方考察并且对照各版次实物进行了详细的考证。纠正了许多常见的错误。     

逸笔怀趣 落纸策序——清华校庆大展“水木湛清华：中国绘画中的自然”撷萃

正山长水远怀大千,水清木华载人间。2021年4月,值清华大学建校110周年之际,"水木湛清华:中国绘画中的自然"校庆大展在清华大学艺术博物馆拉开帷幕。10年前,苗日新教授曾在百年校庆前夕撰毕其大著《熙春园·清华园考—清华园三百年记忆》,其中对于陈梦雷所编纂《古今图书集成》的地点和历程进行了严谨考证,由此可证得熙春园便是此书诞生之地,进一步证明了"集成馆"曾"设立于熙春园西部(今近春园·荒岛)",亦从细枝末节破解了清华园的身世之谜。此著作之部分焚余书亦同嘉庆"水木湛清华"玺印一并陈列于本次大展的入口处作为题首。     

镇江文宗阁名称意蕴之脞说

<正>镇江文宗阁始建于乾隆四十四年(1779),乾隆皇帝亲自题写阁名与"江山永秀"匾额。此阁于乾隆五十一年(1786)前收藏的是康熙诏辑的雍正朝铜活字排印本《古今图书集成》,于乾隆五十二年至五十五年(1787—1790)又领藏了我国有史以来最大的一部丛书——《四库全书》,它不仅囊括了先秦至乾隆之前中国历史之主要典籍,而且涵盖了中国传统学术文     

延续与断裂：明清《合州志》关系述论

清前期的《合州志》版本中,国家图书馆所藏清初《合州志》抄本很可能不是康熙十一年成书的正式的《合州志》版本,而《古今图书集成》中所引用的《合州志》才应是康熙年间正式成书的《合州志》。此外,所谓乾隆初年许元基编的《合州志》抄本也是后人层累构建起来的一个并不存在的版本。清代现存最早且无争议的《合州志》版本为乾隆十三年本,该志与万历《合州志》之间存在一定内容上的联系。这种联系却不为乾隆十三年志的编修者群体所自知,体现出明清《合州志》内容的延续与修志记忆断裂的矛盾统一。     

《古今图书集成》本《重庆府志》考

《古今图书集成》所征引《重庆府志》系康熙年间重庆知府孙世泽修,江津县名儒龚懋熙纂。其体例应与当时朝廷指定的地方志样板贾汉复所修顺治《河南通志》、康熙《陕西通志》极为相似。该志久佚,见录于《古今图书集成》的佚文约5万字,内容丰富,所载明末清初重庆地区的史实,尤其是康熙六年至二十四年重庆府及下辖3州11县的户口、田赋等数据,史料价值颇高。     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.