蒋介石从"三二○"到"四一二"的心路历程(续)

蒋介石对工农运动的态度,无疑是导致他与共产党关系恶化的一个重要原因。而值得注意的是,在北伐开始后的一段时间里,广东的工人运动,特别是农民运动虽然出现了回潮的现象,但北伐军北上所过之境,包括蒋介石指挥的部队所过之江西、福建等省,工农运动仍旧取得了相当的发展。这种情况至少说明,蒋介石对工农运动的态度其实颇为矛盾。     

蒋介石从"三二0"到"四一二"的心路历程

蒋介石从“三二0”走向“四一二”,从尝试“限共”最终走向公开反共,经历了一个相当复杂的并且是充满了矛盾心理的转变过程。其实,蒋介石并没有像以往一些著作所说的那样,从“三二0”之后开始,就处心积虑地准备清党反共。相反,走向“四一二”最初并不在他的设想之中。其对容共政策的态度转变,固然带有某种程度的必然性,但也带有相当程度的偶然性。深入考察蒋在这一过程中心态与环境矛盾冲突的复杂情况,对全面了解国共两党历史恩怨的形成或能有所帮助。     

黄思汉：《上周琐事记》

侵华日军南京大屠杀是一个不容篡改的血的事实。本次公布的史料系一篇当时人的日记,记载了日军占领南京前后在城乡所犯下的种种暴行。原件无时间,据日记中记载推算应为1938年。对于研究日军侵华暴行及反击日本右翼势力否定南京大屠杀的谬论,此日记无疑又是一个新的铁证。     

“真正道德家，才是真正共产党”——老一代共产党人与传统道德

老一代共产党人在青少年时代就接受了中华民族的传统美德．具备了善良,正直,富有正义感和责任心等品质。他们对传统道德不是一概否定,也不是全盘接受,而是在共产主义世界观指导下,批判地继承,去其糟粕．取其精华．以仁爱之心献身于人民革命事业。建国以后,他们继续坚持人民利益第一的原则,慎重地使用手中的权力,生活俭朴．不贪图享受,不谋私利,表现出高尚的道德情操。美德不会老．他们的美德将永存于后世。     

The military, psychiatry, and "unfit" soldiers, 1939-1942

This article examines the psychiatric screening of U.S. soldiers during the Second World War, established by psychiatrist Harry Stack Sullivan (1892-1949), as a key moment in the public application of clinical psychiatry, as well as a turning point in Sullivan's intellectual and professional career. After a brief look at the ideas and expectations Sullivan brought to the screening system, I discuss a major problem of the screening: the mismatch between the medical concept of disease prevention and the realities of the mass screening as a public policy. As a way to highlight this mismatch, I focus on Sullivan's failure to protect homosexual men from medical and social stigmatization by screening them out of the armed forces. Despite his liberal approach to the issue of homosexuality before the war, which he had created in his clinical practice, Sullivan was unable to persuade the military and the public of gay men's right to serve the nation. The examination of how his sympathetic view of homosexuality became circumscribed reveals not only the gap between clinical insights and public policy, but also how tentative views of homosexuality in public debate among liberal psychiatrists during the decade preceding the war contributed to the failure to make non-homophobic policy in the 1940s. This article shows that the relative conservatism in the politics of sexuality among liberal psychiatrists, as well as the intransigent conservatism as seen in homophobic tradition of the Army, contributed to the discriminatory screening criteria.     

Visa requirements,carrier sanctions, "safe third countries" and "readmission": the development of an asylum "buffer zone" in Europe

"This paper explores the development of a so-called asylum 'buffer zone' around the eastern frontiers of the west European region as a result of the Schengen, EU and EFTA member states' introduction of more restrictive asylum policies during the first half of the 1990s. Restrictive policies in western Europe are forcing central and east European states into a 'buffer role', obliging them to absorb asylum-seekers who fail to gain entry into western Europe and/or restrict asylum-seekers' access to the borders of potential 'receiving' states. In addition to examining the mechanisms by which this 'buffer zone' is developing and questioning what it might mean for future asylum trends and policies in Europe, the paper considers the wider questions raised by this development in relation to the changing geopolitical landscape of Europe, particularly in relation to the changing political and security relations between western, central and eastern Europe and the former Soviet Union."     

3. EVOCATION, ANALYSIS, AND THE "CRISIS OF LIBERALISM"

In The Years of Extermination , the second volume of Nazi Germany and the Jews , Saul Friedländer attempts to write an "integrated" history of the Holocaust that captures the "convergence" of German decisions and policies, the reaction of the surrounding world, and the perceptions and experiences of the Jews. Although several historiographical issues are studied in detail (the role of Hitler, the evolution of Nazi anti-Jewish policy, and the role of the Christian churches), the most innovative aspect of the book is its extensive use of excerpts from over forty diaries of Jewish victims, which are interspersed among the statements of Nazi leaders and officials, Wehrmacht soldiers, churchmen, and various collaborators and bystanders in order to juxtapose "entirely different levels of reality." What ultimately holds the book together, despite its intentionally disrupted narrative and Friedländer's disclaimer that the history of the Holocaust can be encompassed within any "single conceptual framework," is the overarching theme of the "crisis of liberalism."     

论"民俗问题"与"辨风正俗"

民俗是人类社会长时期相沿积久而形成的习俗惯制、礼仪、信仰、风尚等民间文化传承现象的总和,是经群体或社会约定俗成并流行、传承的民间文化模式,是规范个体行为、社会秩序和调解社会心理的非主导性生活模式。民俗作为社会物质生活与精神生活样式的复合模式,是在一定程度上制约社会文明进程的基本要素,具有对社会生活制衡与调控的功能。     

二二六事件、西安事变和七七事变

七七卢沟桥事变之所以迅速成为远东战争全面爆发的导火索,是因为在事变之前日本和中国的政局均发生了重大变化。1936年发生在日本的二二六事件,形成了以主张全面侵华的军部法西斯为核心的政制、经济和对外战略的“举国一致”;同年发生在中国的西安事变,也初步形成了各党各派各界团结御侮、联合抗日的民族统一战线,不可能再对日本的侵略退让。日本当局无视中国政局的变化,执意推行既定的侵华方针,是造成七七事变引发远东全面战争的真正原因。     

“驴友”:和“沙发客”来个亲密接触

<正>《西游记》有这样一个镜头出现的频率最高:唐僧彬彬有礼地问道:"施主,贫僧自东土大唐而来,去往西天拜佛求经。可否在此借宿一宿?"于是师徒4人有了免费的住处,运气好的话,热情的主人还有茶饭招待。这样的好事居然也发生喜欢周游世界却缺银子的天津女孩艾红身上。     

红枪会与近代乡村自卫(1912-1937)——以鲁东地区为中心

民国时期尤其是军阀政治时期,军阀政权对乡村进行掠夺性剥夺,加之兵匪纵横,使整个社会由于缺乏现代动员方式,导致现代国家的基层防卫体系在乡村地区极为薄弱。在此背景下,以红枪会为代表的民间秘密结社组织,在民国时期尤其是在军阀政治时期席卷了整个华北地区,一时成为当时农民反抗军阀、抵御土匪的一个重要手段。在此过程中,宗教仪式与神秘性成为红枪会社会动员的一种有力工具与主要特征,而自卫与动乱则是红枪会在这一时期带给乡村社会的两面。