重构十一至十四世纪的西域佛教史——基于俄藏黑水城汉文佛教文书的探讨

俄藏黑水城汉文文献中有过去完全被人忽略的藏传密教文献,将其与回鹘、西夏、蒙古文中的佛教文献相比较,则可重构11—14世纪西域佛教史。黑水城汉文佛教文书中最有价值的部分是多部不见于现存各种汉文《大藏经》中的重要佛经,以及西夏和元朝时期翻译、流通的藏传密教仪轨手写本,这是迄今所见最早的汉译藏传佛教文献。新发现材料表明,从高昌回鹘到西夏和蒙古时代,西域依然扮演着东西文明之熔炉这样一个角色,11—14世纪西域地区之佛教历史一脉相承,在高昌回鹘、西夏和蒙古的宗教信仰中均占主导地位的既不是汉传佛教,也不是印度佛教,而是藏传密教。     

元刊西夏文大藏经的几个问题

元刊西夏文大藏经[1]>的探讨由来以久.上世纪初,王国维先生在考察元刊西夏文<大方广佛华严经>残卷时,提及了西夏文大藏经的两则相关材料:其一为元刊碛砂藏<大宗地玄文本论>卷3管主八发愿文中关于河西字大藏经的记载;其二为伯希和于敦煌莫高窟北区发现的捺印有管主八施印题记的河西字大藏经实物残页.王先生指出,"河西字即西夏字",伯希和发现的佛经残页"盖即管主八所施河西字大藏经三十馀藏之一"[2].此后,聂斯克、石滨纯太郎、王静如等关于<河西藏>的论述多依据相同的材料.而将这一研究推向深入的是史金波,他通过对国家图书馆藏西夏文献的整理及西夏文<过去庄严劫千佛名经>发愿文的翻译,认为有元一代至少5次印施<河西藏>.如今,随着大量西夏文文献的刊布及相关材料的丰富,我们对<河西藏>又有了一些新认识.     

俄藏黑水城西夏水月观音头冠考

俄藏黑水城西夏水月观音所戴头冠为化佛冠,形制有三角形冠和通天冠两种,火焰宝珠、步摇成为水月观音头冠的主要配饰。三角形化佛冠受早期印度佛教和中亚佛教艺术的影响,结合中原佛教、藏传佛教在西夏时期成为水月观音头冠流行样式。由于社会环境影响,西夏观音信仰盛行,佛教进一步走向现实化、世俗化,因此,水月观音菩萨头冠更接近于现实生活,表现华丽。     

西夏境内的汉僧及其地位

西夏是党项羌人以兴庆府（今宁夏银川市）为中心所建立的政权,其境内生活着党项、汉、吐蕃、回鹘、契丹、女真、鞑靼等多种民族。西夏建国前后,统治者大力提倡佛教,自德明开始,先后六次从中原宋朝求得大藏经,并据之用自己的民族文字——西夏文进行翻译,现传世的百种西夏文佛经,大部分都译自汉文。西夏境内尽管民族众多,但无疑应以汉族人口居多,在前期的译经及后期的校经施经活动中,都有许多汉僧参与其中,加上中原佛教发展水平较高,故而汉传佛教对西夏佛教的发展产生了深刻的影响。然而,史料中对西夏汉僧的记载却远远少于吐蕃僧人。从黑城出土的西夏佛教文物与文献,尤其是西夏法典《天盛改旧新定律令》等文献的记载,结合史书的记载可以看出,汉僧在西夏社会中的地位既不如回鹘僧人,也远逊于吐蕃僧人,更无法与西夏僧人相比。出现这种情况的原因有二,首先是由汉人在西夏境内社会地位低下这一因素决定的,其次应与西夏长期与宋朝为敌。西夏统治者对汉人僧侣怀有戒心不无关系。     

《高丽藏》的底本及雕造考

对佛教与佛教思想的研究当然是要通过对佛经的研究来进行.佛经又以大藏经为中心.大藏经在北宋以前一直以写本大藏经的形式流传,到了北宋开宝年间才出现了刊本大藏经.之后大藏经虽然在中国一直被发行,但是现在被完整保存下来的已寥寥无几.而像《开宝藏》这样的北宋时期的大藏经更是几乎已经消失,只有少数残卷流落各处.但是在韩国既然连以《开宝藏》为祖本发行的高丽《新雕大藏经》的板木都被保存了下来,可见对佛教界的贡献巨大是不争的事实.因此最近还被收入世界文化遗产.     

俄罗斯科学院东方写本研究所西夏文文献之收藏与研究

俄罗斯科学院东方写本研究所收藏的西夏文文献,主要来自内蒙古自治区额济纳旗黑水城遗址,大致可分为6类,即西夏文原著、西夏文字典及语音表、历法和医学著作、律令及法律文书、汉文著作之夏译本、佛教典籍之夏译本及西夏人撰写的佛教著作,其中既有写本又有刻本,对西夏政治、经济、文化、宗教的研究具有重要意义,堪称国际西夏学研究的最基本资料,长期深受国际学术界的重视。除俄罗斯学者外,中国、日本及欧美诸国都投入人力进行研究,成果丰硕。目前,西夏文文献中尚有相当数量的草书文献难以破解,需要努力探寻其基本规则,一旦掌握其规律,即可用计算机将草体转换为楷体,进而为今后的研究提供条件。     

中国北方草原石窟群——"阿尔寨石窟专家论证会"回顾

内蒙古阿尔寨石窟是长城以北草原地区"硕果仅存的晚期佛教石窟遗迹",特别是窟内现存的彩绘壁画弥足珍贵.该石窟开凿于西夏时期,盛于元朝,至明代还在延续使用,窟内大部分壁画属藏传佛教系统.     

西夏时期的佛教寺院

本文利用新译出的资料对西夏时期的45个寺院名称进行了译释,认为西夏时期的寺院主要有官寺及家寺,家寺主要有皇家寺院及高僧大德所设立的私家寺院,官寺主要为帝王或国家举办全国性佛事活动佛教法会,西夏时期的官寺享有特权,并且规模浩大。     

现存西夏文佛经函号整理研究

在前人对西夏文《大般若波罗蜜多经》等大部头佛经函号整理研究基础上,论文对出土存世的大量散见西夏佛经函号资料进行了一次集中梳理,归纳出了西夏文佛经函号用字的五种存现形式,指出这些函号分属于大藏经本及单行本两类藏经系统之中,其中单行本藏经函号用字、合帙等方面都表现出复杂形式。西夏文佛经函号资料的全面梳理,为西夏佛教文献残页、残片的判定考证提供了新的思路,也为纠正文献材料刊布过程中的误拼提供了帮助。     

俄藏7979号西夏文草书佛经考释

俄藏7979号西夏文草书佛经,其内容是此前尚未发现过西夏文本的《佛说大迦叶问大宝积正法经》《广大宝楼阁善住秘密陀罗尼经》和《大乘庄严经论》的摘译。这三部佛经都保存有帙号,说明西夏时期曾完整翻译了这三个本子,这三部佛经也曾被编入西夏文《大藏经》中。从俄藏7979号摘译的内容来看,佛经的摘译者选取的主要是一些偈颂、咒语以及对偈颂的解释。佛经中保留的“帙号”字“郝(low²,国)”来自勒尼语,而非党项语。结合西夏文《大藏经》编订的大致时间,可进一步考定该文献大概为仁宗或桓宗两朝从不同的文献中摘取编撰而成,其年代大概是1139-1206年。     

Advances in Morphometrics in Archaeobotany

ABSTRACT

Morphometric analysis offers an alternative or augmentation to traditional archaeobotanical methods to address differences within and between plant species and their remains, refining and enhancing taxonomic resolution. Morphometrics, the measurement of size and shape, and the multivariate statistical analysis of generated quantitative variables, have long played a major role in biological research, including plant taxonomy and systematics, although its application in archaeobotany is relatively recent. Over the last few decades, there has been an increasing interest in the use of morphometrics for analysing a varied range of archaeological plant materials (mainly seeds, pollen, phytoliths, and starch grains). In particular, morphometrics have contributed to the study of the domestication and spread of many cereals world-wide, as well as that of other taxa including legumes, underground storage organs (USO), and fruits (such as olives, grapes, and dates). This paper reviews current methodologies, recent applications, and advances in the use of morphometrics in archaeobotanical research, discusses its role in exploring major research questions, and suggests possible future directions for its use.     

杏开二月

已经是二月仲春了,大地柔软,天气慢慢热起来了。一场习习的春雨,浇得人心头酥酥的。我第一次注意到,家门前的杏树开了。枝干上,星星点点,挑着几朵白,轻盈得很,把薄薄的心打开,驻足美的枝头,观赏人间烟火。背后是灰灰的庭院,低矮的     

Geography in Higher Education in Australia

Within the last 30 years, geographical information systems (GIS) have been used increasingly in the training of geographers. On the basis of the philosophy of technology and instrumental genesis, we sketch how the use of instruments interacts with learning processes and outline how this can be studied. We empirically analyse students' learning processes and the influences of teaching practice in an introductory course in GIS. We show that students have different strategies for creating their personal instrument for spatial thinking and how teaching interacts with the students' learning processes. Finally, we discuss how GIS may gradually alter future professional development of geographers.     

America in Speech and in Deed

The author's primary aim in what follows is to fully articulate Chantal Delsol's critique of late modern universalism as an attempt to depoliticize the individual for the sake of replacing politics with morality. The result of this depoliticization is a quasi-pantheistic cosmopolitanism that not only effectively denies the significance of individuality, despite rhetorically lionizing it, but also undercuts the freedom of individual conscience that makes moral choice possible. Genuine political prudence and moral judgment are subsequently replaced by the rigid exactitude of a technocratic analysis that reintroduces the "clandestine ideology" it was, despite protestations to the contrary, intended to eliminate. The unhappy paradox produced by the attempt to replace the necessary limitations of political judgment with the universality of a priori moral decree is that a new set of culturally and historically idiosyncratic political attachments are surreptitiously introduced beyond the pale of reasonable debate and disagreement. Delsol's measured response is not a precipitous rejection of universalism as such but a rehabilitation of it that recaptures the Christian moral realism at its core.     

Tibetan-Inhabited Area in Deqen in Development

Deqen, honored as “Shangri La”,is located in the area where three rivers meet to form one in the Henduan Mountains straddling the borders of Yunnan, Sichuan and Tibet. The Deqen Tibetan Ethnic Group Autonomous Prefecture, founded in September 1957, is the only Tibetan autonomous prefecture in Yunnan Province but one of 10 in the