The casting core composition and provenance of the Goljamata Kosmatka (Bulgaria) bronze head

The composition of casting core residues from the interior of a 4th century BC bronze head, unearthed in a Thracian tomb of central Bulgaria, was studied by means of petrographic, SEM, chemical and XRD analyses. Results indicated that the sand–clay mixture is dominantly rich in rock and mineral fragments, mostly derived from metamorphic and plutonic silica-rich rocks. No significant compositional differences were noted between the five analysed samples, except for content of bronze impurities and oxidation products. On the basis of geological studies and of chemical comparison with potteries of various ages, speculations were made about the location of the bronze foundry. The results are compatible with a derivation of the casting core from northeast Greece and the southern areas of F.Y.R.O. Macedonia and Bulgaria have terrains compatible with the casting core composition     

圈足上的镂孔:试论商代青铜器的泥芯撑技术

商代青铜器的圈足部位常常可见一些孔洞,这些孔洞的形成与泥芯撑的设置有关。泥芯撑是使用复合范铸造青铜器时非常重要的技术手段,用于范和芯之间的定位和保持壁厚,避免盲芯成为"悬芯"。这一技术看似简单,却有其重要的工艺价值,其本身的技术演进路径与青铜器铸型技术的发展密切相关。本文试图梳理从二里头到晚商时期各类青铜器使用泥芯撑技术的概况,丰富对商代青铜器铸造工艺的整体认识。     

浙江出土青铜器研究

本文在对浙江出土先秦青铜器作分区研究的基础上,就不同地区青铜器的铸造技术作了考察,发现在不同时期分别运用了浑铸法、分铸法两种成型技术为主的工艺。再结合这些器物的出土情况,明确其相对年代,并对不同期段青铜器的流动情况作了探索。     

商周青铜器铭文的制作工艺和西周颂鼎复制

考古出土实物研究表明,商周青铜器铭文制作,通常是先雕刻正阴字铭文模,然后翻制反阳字铭文活块泥芯,镶嵌于主体泥芯合适位置组成复合泥芯,最后在浇铸青铜器时一并铸成于器物内壁上。复制具有151字铭文的西周晚期青铜颂鼎,整体采用失蜡铸造工艺,铭文制作借鉴商周青铜器陶范铸造的相关工艺,多次翻制制作一块铭文蜡片,嵌入模具型腔后翻制整体硅橡胶泥芯,获得了理想的效果。     

青海地区青铜器的成份分析及来源

本文通过对青海地区青铜器的成份分析及其铸造方法的分析,对该地区发现的青铜器来源问题进行了探讨。     

利用同墓葬出土泥芯、陶器示踪青同器铸造地初探 一以湖北襄樊部分东周墓为例

为研究出土墓葬青铜器铸造地,利用X射线荧光光谱法对湖北襄樊的余岗、沈岗、团山、陈坡四处墓地出土的部分青铜器泥芯、陶片进行测试分析,试验结果与山西侯马、武汉盘龙城遗址进行比较分析。对比研究显示,襄樊地区泥芯与当地墓土、陶片在常量元素上具有高度一致性,而与黄河流域的侯马和长江中下游的盘龙城有明显区别,说明襄樊地区这部分铜器应为本地铸造,暗示江汉流域存在自己特有文化。本项研究工作首次尝试利用同墓葬陶器化学成分探索青铜器铸造地,是泥芯研究青铜器铸造地的重要补充,泥芯和陶器相互配合,为青铜器铸造地研究提供了一种新思路。     

世界铜鼓之王——北流型101号铜鼓铸造工艺研究

体大壁薄的世界铜鼓之三──北流型101号铜鼓是世界上迄今所见最大的一面铜鼓,具有相当大的铸造难度。本文对北流型101号铜鼓的内外陶范及鼓耳的制作方法、内范结构、在外范上直接制作纹饰的方式、浇注工艺和垫片的使用等古代铸造工艺进行了研究。还探讨了该铜鼓的结构特征及鼓足残缺的成因。     

枣庄市徐楼村红铜铸镶青铜器纹饰镶铸特征

红铜铸镶青铜器是春秋时期青铜艺术的杰出代表,红铜纹饰的镶铸特征是器物铸造工艺的直接反映,但红铜镶嵌青铜器的制作技术仍有许多问题有待于研究探讨。为此,通过直接观察法和X光成像技术,分析探讨了枣庄市徐楼村红铜铸镶青铜器纹饰镶铸特征。红铜纹饰有与器身基体等壁厚型和非等壁厚型两种。与器身等壁厚红铜铸镶纹饰和器身基体有平口直接镶铸和红铜预留凹槽镶铸两种方式。与器身非等厚红铜铸镶纹饰则利用红铜纹饰在器身浇铸时形成凹槽,红铜纹饰通过与纹饰相连的红铜支钉固定在范芯或在纹饰底部加入垫片方式镶铸于器物基体中。研究成果为红铜铸镶青铜器的工艺过程研究提供材料和证据。     

Microscopic study of Chinese bronze casting moulds from the Eastern Zhou period

Piece mould casting technology, as a hall mark of the central plains of China during the Bronze Age, has attracted scholars' interest globally. Bronze ritual vessels found in this area were produced in large quantities and generally cast with the moulds composed of three or more sections. This enormous industry certainly required workers to have had professional knowledge to ensure the success of every single cast. Mould making technology was one of its most important parts. This research looks into the microstructure of bronze casting moulds of the Eastern Zhou period, which was a rarely studied topic in previous research. Through comparison with local pottery, it is shown that casting moulds in this period were produced with quite specialized sand-rich material, and clay was only a minor component. It is then discussed how this unique material can be beneficial to the bronze casting process and how this technology was integrated as a crucial part of the Chinese bronze casting system. These analyses might be able to portray mould makers in the ancient bronze foundries as a group of specialized people with their own traditions and professional knowledge.     

桂平博物馆馆藏东汉双耳铜甑铸造工艺及其保护修复研究

广西桂平博物馆藏东汉铜甑对于研究广西地区青铜器冶铸技术的发展具有重要的研究价值。但器物长期保存于潮湿环境中,矿化严重、保存状况较差,亟须保护修复。本研究应用X射线影像观察、金相显微镜、扫描电镜及能谱分析、模拟实验验证等方法研究了器物的铸造工艺、合金成分以及锈蚀产物成分。结果表明该器物为整体铸造成形,器物铸造时使用了轮制技术、刮板造型工艺以及铸后刻纹的工艺,箅部范块制作过程是用器身模翻制器身范后脱模,将器身模的圈足部分切下,然后在圈足泥模上刻出箅部型腔。在此基础上,遵循最低限度干预原则,力求将传统的文物修复手段与现代修复理念相结合,通过除锈、修补等保护修复措施后,不但提高了器物的整体稳定性,而且达到了可以展陈,发掘文物潜在价值的要求。     

商周时期圈足铜器的三角形加强筋技术浅析

商周时期青铜器上的三角形加强筋技术主要用于觚、尊、簋、卣、壶、瓿、盘等圈足器的底部与圈足连接处,纵向延伸,上端较粗,承接铜器外底,下端向下延伸逐渐变细,多为等距或对称分布。加强筋的大小、数量多少的设置,根据器形因器而异,铜觚器体修长,圈足较高,加强筋多为2条或4条,纵向延伸较长,而铜簋、方彝等,底部面积较大,圈足粗矮,加强筋数量相对较多,纵向延伸较短。三角形加强筋技术起源于商代早期郑州商城陶鼎、铜鼎鼎耳与口沿连接处采用的加强筋技术,商代晚期至西周早期比较盛行,延用至春秋早期。商代晚期圈足铜器上使用较多,但又不仅限于圈足器,部分带鋬器,如爵、斝等,鋬的两端与鋬下腹壁连接处也有发现。其功能在于防止铸件连接处因凝固收缩的应力作用而出现裂纹,强化圈足器器底与圈足之间连接。     

Casting the Riace Bronzes: Modern Assumptions and Ancient Facts

This article argues that classical archaeologists have seriously underestimated the output of heat required to melt a large quantity of bronze and therefore have wrongly reconstructed the ancient casting process. The idea that sufficient metal for casting a bronze of monumental proportions could be heated in a crucible with a charcoal fire ventilated by bellows is not realistic. The following observations are based on solid foundry experience: Nigel Konstam, a bronze sculptor, for many years supervised the casting of monumental bronzes comparable in size to those from Riace. This article has been written by Herbert Hoffmann drawing on Konstam's notes     

咸阳龚西战国秦墓出土铜壶制作工艺研究

咸阳龚西战国秦墓出土的青铜器为研究战国时期秦青铜容器的铸造技术提供了重要实物资料。本文对龚西战国晚期秦墓M8出土的两件铜壶,通过表面观察结合X光摄像考察其制作工艺痕迹,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜能谱分析等手段开展成分及显微结构分析,揭示两件铜壶壶身及表面装饰的制作工艺、材质特征。结果显示,两件铜壶均为铸造,器底和铜环预先铸好后置于范中,与器身铸为一体。器身和器底均为铅锡青铜(铜锡铅三元合金),但成分有一定差异,镶嵌的装饰金属片为高铅青铜。铜壶的器底分铸工艺和高铅青铜镶嵌工艺为古代青铜器制作工艺研究提供了重要的新材料。     

广西上林县馆藏东汉至南朝铜鼓科技分析研究

为配合保护修复的需要,利用金相显微镜、扫描电镜能谱仪对广西上林县馆藏6面东汉至南朝时期的冷水冲型铜鼓进行了科技分析。结果表明,这6面铜鼓均为铜锡铅三元合金组成,且为铸造成型,其工艺利用泥范法和失蜡法相结合的方法。由于冷水冲型铜鼓的合金成分和铸造工艺研究尚未见报道,因此,本研究分析数据为更深入研究冷水冲型铜鼓的科技内涵提供了重要参考。     

殷墟青铜器铭文的制作方法

殷墟出土青铜器铭文的制作方法,可分为铸铭和刻铭两大类。铸铭占绝大多数,刻铭极少。铸铭的制作方法有模作铭、芯作铭和范作铭等三种形式,以模作铭为主。刻铭出现于殷墟四期,目前虽然只发现4件刻铭铜器,但其意义重大,不仅把中国青铜器刻铭的历史追溯到商代晚期,而且为研究青铜器铭文的制作技术,尤其是刻铭技术,提供了十分珍贵的实物资料。     

甘肃武威出土铜奔马铸造工艺初探

甘肃武威出土的东汉铜奔马和铜车马仪仗队是我国古代青铜艺术品中罕见的杰作,是中国众多文物中的代表和古老中华文明的一种象征。甘肃省博物馆通过现代科学仪器检测及综合分析发现:铜奔马和铜车马仪仗队都是陶范铸造法铸造而成,而不是失蜡法铸造的;铜奔马铸造时在铜质马腿内夹铸了卯榫状铁芯骨,以增强马腿的强度和支撑力;铜车马仪仗队中甲型马和刻有铭文的乙型马,是铸造工艺不同的两批制品。这些发现对进一步研究铜奔马及墓主人提供了新的材料。     

商周时期的青铜觚及相关问题研究

青铜觚最早出现于二里岗文化时期,盛行于殷墟文化,西周早期逐渐衰退并消失。铜觚圈足上的十字形镂孔与铸造过程中采用的泥芯撑有关,金属芯撑技术的使用开始于二里岗文化时期,殷墟文化时期金属芯撑的使用逐渐规范化。圈足上的镂空纹饰是商周时期铜器装饰手法的一种,圈足下端的条状缺口可能是铸造过程中用来定位的,但不能排除是装饰或者铜器的拥有者因某种特殊的文化习俗或使用需求而让铸造工匠刻意为之的可能性。     

萧梁钱范的残留物初步研究

为弄清镇江出土的萧梁钱范是铸造铜钱还是铁钱,或是两者兼铸。利用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及其配备的X射线能谱仪(EDS),分析了出土的萧梁公式女钱范的残留物。钱范ZJ1的正、反面和胎的点扫描和面扫描分析结果表明,其应为铸造铜钱之范。而钱范ZJ2剖面的线扫描分析指出,其铜含量从正、反表面向胎的内部呈现明显的梯度分布,从而进一步验证了这些钱范铸造的是铜钱,而不是铁钱。     

Collapsing Commodities or Lavish Offerings? Understanding Massive Metalwork Deposition at Langton Matravers,Dorset During the Bronze Age–Iron Age Transition

The discovery of 373 intact and broken tin‐bronze socketed axes accompanied by 404 fragments in four pits at Langton Matravers collectively represents one of the largest hoards found to date in prehistoric Britain and Ireland. They were very probably never meant to be used as axes as the very high levels of tin they contain would have made them brittle. Many were poorly finished, with the majority still containing their casting cores. The axes are typologically dated to the Llyn Fawr metalwork phase (c.800–600 BC) and span the Bronze Age/Iron Age transition, when the production, circulation and deposition of bronze appear to have been substantially reduced throughout north‐west Europe. By placing the Langton Matravers hoard(s) in a broader metallurgical, material and archaeological context, existing theories for this phenomenon, such as the preference for iron, a collapse in bronze supply, or the sharp devaluation of a social or ritual ‘bronze standard’, are evaluated. It is proposed that the Langton Matravers axes belong to a short phase in the centuries‐long processes underlying the changing roles of bronze and iron.     

中国青铜时代不存在失蜡法铸造工艺

长期以来,学术界公认曾侯乙尊盘和淅川下寺铜禁是采用失蜡法工艺铸造。近年来,我们对相关实物进行了仔细的研究,发现在被认为是失蜡法工艺铸造的部件上都有明确的范缝和其它范铸工艺的特征。因此,无论是曾侯乙尊盘还是淅川下寺铜禁都不可能是用失蜡法工艺铸造的。进一步的研究表明,在青铜时代,我国广大地区普遍采用范铸工艺,商代中期之前,主要是整体铸造,商代中期至西周,主要还是整体铸造,但开始了分铸插接工艺;春秋以后则主要采用分铸和焊接工艺;既没有失蜡法铸造的器例,也没有失蜡法工艺产生的必要的技术基础和社会需求。