SCIENTIFIC CHARACTERIZATION OF THE POHORJE MARBLES,SLOVENIA

As a former part of the great Roman Empire, Slovenia has many archaeological sites featuring buildings and objects entirely or partly constructed from marble whose provenance is doubtful. In Slovenia, the most probable source of such marble is the Pohorje Mountains. For the purpose of supporting further provenance studies, these marbles are fully scientifically characterized. The techniques used are petrographic and geochemical analysis, stable isotope ratio analysis and EPR spectroscopy. The results show that the Pohorje marbles are highly heterogeneous in both their isotopic and geochemical parameters as well as grain sizes. The parameters of the different Pohorje marble outcrops are compared between themselves and with the parameters of known ancient quarries in the Mediterranean and Austria. The use of a multi‐technique approach with combined parameters allows the best possible discrimination.     

PROVENANCE STUDY OF MARBLE ARTEFACTS FROM THE ROMAN BURIAL AREA OF FASCHENDORF (CARINTHIA,AUSTRIA)*

Numerous marble artefacts were among the extraordinary findings excavated at the Roman burial area of Faschendorf (Carinthia, Austria). The provenance of marble objects, particularly in the Roman provinces, is mostly unclear. Predominantly Mediterranean marbles have been used, but there are also some marble occurrences in the eastern Alpine regions that were exploited in those times. Besides a mineralogical–petrographic analysis, grain‐size evaluation in particular, and the determination of carbon and oxygen isotopes allow an effective characterization of the Faschendorf materials. Their provenance from the Gummern Marble complex in Carinthia is very likely.     

AN EPR AND ISOTOPIC STUDY OF THE MARBLES OF THE TRAJAN's ARCH AT ANCONA: AN EXAMPLE OF ALLEGED HYMETTIAN PROVENANCE*

The provenance of 20 marble samples drawn from the Trajan's arch at Ancona, which is supposed to be made of Greek, Hymettian marble, has been established on the basis of the independent use of EPR and isotopic data. The results of the two methods are in good agreement and unequivocally indicate a Proconnesian provenance. Sixteen samples are assigned to this site, whereas two are classified as untypical Proconnesian samples and the remaining two are assigned an unlikely Parian provenance. No indication exists for a possible Hymettian origin of the marbles. A multi‐method approach, which employs all of the experimental variables simultaneously, demonstrates that the 18 samples identified as Proconnesian belong to several different quarrying areas within the site. This result is taken as an indication that the Proconnesian quarries were run following a highly organized, semi‐industrial production model. The origin of the Hymettian/Proconnesian misunderstanding and the possible misclassification of other Roman monuments in Italy are briefly commented on.     

EPR OF Mn2+ IMPURITIES IN CALCITE: A DETAILED STUDY PERTINENT TO MARBLE PROVENANCE DETERMINATION*

We demonstrate that the electron paramagnetic resonance spectrum of Mn²⁺ impurities in calcite, and therefore also in marble, may be accurately reproduced by a traditional spin Hamiltonian formalism. The success of such a treatment, however, very much depends on the spin Hamiltonian parameters having the correct signs as well as magnitudes. We present data that determine the sign of the axial anisotropy parameter and thereby facilitate future quantum mechanical characterizations of marble electron paramagnetic resonance spectra that supplement provenance determination.     

MULTI‐METHOD MARBLE PROVENANCE DETERMINATIONS: THE CARRARA MARBLES AS A CASE STUDY FOR THE COMBINED USE OF ISOTOPIC,ELECTRON SPIN RESONANCE AND PETROGRAPHIC DATA*

A multi‐method approach, based on petrography, stable isotope data and electron spin resonance spectroscopy for assigning the provenance of white marbles, is presented. A total of 11 experimental variables has been used, including the quantitative measurement of the sample colour and its homogeneity. On this basis we attempt to distinguish the three main quarrying basins of the Carrara district, that is, Torano, Miseglia and Colonnata. Such discrimination, extremely uncertain on the basis of the single techniques, may be performed with acceptable confidence’ using a properly selected subset of six petrographic, isotopic and spectroscopic variables. The final resubstitution and jackknifed re‐assignment rates are, respectively, 85% and 81%. Inclusion of the remaining five variables into the classification rule does not improve the results, but simply increases data overinterpretation. The practical possibility of using such an approach for more general provenancing problems is considered.     

The Possibility of Provenancing A Series of Bronze Punic Coins Found At Tharros (Western Sardinia) Using the Literature Lead Isotope Database

A sample set of 42 bronze Punic coins dating from the third century bc and excavated in the Phoenician, Punic and then Roman town of Tharros (western Sardinia) has been used to test the performance of the literature lead isotope database and to establish a well defined provenancing procedure. A selection from the available database, including Cypriot, Sardinian and Spanish ore deposits, has been used. The complete assignment has been carried out twice, using both statistical methods (linear discriminant analysis) and the conventional raw data plots. Three major and one minor disagreements have been found, suggesting that the two procedures, when properly employed, may be acceptably compatible. Almost one third of the coins exhibit a characteristic Cypriot signature, whereas only very few samples are compatible with Sardinian ores. However, the majority of the coins (c. 60%) cannot be associated with any known source, which suggests the possibility of extensive metal recycling.     

建构神话学方法论体系的可贵探索--《神话解读》浅评

近年来,国际民俗学界达成了一种十分普遍的共识,那就是民俗学学科正面临严峻的生存危机：民俗学不仅没有本学科独特的理论体系,而且某种意义上已经成为(自觉不自觉地)相邻学科的一部分,学科地位越来越边缘化。这使得民俗学的大量研究缺失了学科特性,以至于美国学者多尔逊急迫地警省学界同仁：民俗学“既没有自己的‘祖先’,也没有自己的理论,不过是人类学中一个无足轻重的附庸而已。”     

A Quasi Non‐destructive Microsampling Technique for the Analysis of Intact Glass Objects By Sem/edxa

A novel sampling technique for the analysis of glass is described, which involves the removal of minute particles from an object with a diamond‐coated file, followed by energy‐dispersive X‐ray analysis in the scanning electron microscope (SEM/EDXA). The particles are fixed to adhesive carbon discs and carbon coated without grinding or polishing. Mean compositions are determined for 10 arbitrarily selected particles above a minimum grain size of 150 mm and normalized to totals of 100%. Tests were carried out on two standard soda–lime–silica glasses of well‐characterized composition, using two files of different grade. The analyses showed good agreement with the accepted values of all elements. Although the precision is somewhat reduced, this highly portable and quasi non‐destructive microsampling procedure provides almost the same information as that gained from samples embedded and polished in the normal way. Its application is thought to be especially useful for the investigation of intact glass objects and ceramic glazes.     

新历史观基础上的市民社会批判——重读《德意志意识形态》

马克思恩格斯对市民社会本质的理解和认识经历了一个复杂的发展过程。在《德意志意识形态》著作中,马克思恩格斯已经站在广义的历史唯物主义基础之上对市民社会本质进行了全面的分析,具体内容包括：市民社会的历史本质在于分工基础之上的工业和竞争造成的个人利益与社会利益的分离以及积累劳动与现实劳动的对立;由于货币和分工造成的市民社会的物役性和个人生活的偶然性,市民社会工业的发展必然导致奴役性分工的消灭以及生产力的全面占有,即实现共产主义。     

基于新休假制度的上海居民出游方式及特点研究

休假制度是影响居民出游活动的重要条件。本文以上海为例,在市场调查数据基础上,针对新的休假制度颁布后上海居民在出游方式选择上表现出来的各种偏好进行了分析和比较,并对相关特点展开了讨论。     

从西周金文看汉字构形方式的演化

不同时代各种结构类型字分布比例的不同,反映了字构形方式的演化。殷商时期是以表意的构形方式为主。西周金中,形声结构明显高于表意结构的比例,这表明西周时期汉字构形是以形声构形方式为主。如果就新增字来看,可以说西周时期形声构形方式几乎就是唯一能产的构形方式。     

中国共产党夺取全国胜利原因的现代化思考

从现代化的角度看,中国共产党能够领导中国人民夺取全国胜利,主要有三个相互联系方面的原因：1．把对社会结构的彻底改造任务与争取国家独立和领土完整的任务有机地结合起来,从而最终实现了现代化政治领导权力的转变;2．能够按照其制定的彻底改造社会结构的纲领和路线,脚踏实地地深人到农村变革中去,从而为进一步在整体上推动中国社会转型和现代化奠定了牢固的社会基础;3．把传统(民族性)和现代性有机地融为一体,从而为中国的现代化提供坚强的精神支柱。这说明,建立新民主主义社会,进而走社会主义现代化道路,是中国人民符合世界历史和中国社会发展规律的选择,也是在理论上和实践上对马克思主义现代化理论的丰富和发展。     

基于“第四代港口”新概念的港口旅游开发研究

世界知名港口旅游有较大发展,我国港口旅游开始起步。本文从分析港口功能演进和“第四代港口”新概念入手,提出了我国港口旅游开发战略,探讨了港口旅游开发理念及未来的发展方向。     

从陶寺城址的考古新发现看我国古代文明的形成

陶寺的墓地、城垣和宫殿、大型观象祭祀基址表明其已经具备王都的规模和规格,比夏朝提前了300年-400年.我国文明形成的要素有城市和宫殿、严格的等级和礼制、祭祀权力的垄断等.其中祭祀权力的作用最重要.     

From Scale to Practice: A New Agenda for the Study of Early Metallurgy on the Eurasian Steppe

This paper evaluates conventional scholarship surrounding early metallurgy in the Eurasian steppe zone, with a particular focus on prehistoric developments in a region including northern Kazakhstan and the Southern Ural Mountains of the Russian Federation. Traditionally, the emergence of metallurgy in this region has been viewed either as peripheral to core developments in Mesopotamia, Europe and the Near East, or as part of a much larger zone of interaction and trade in metals and metal production technologies. Such views have deflected scholarship from pursuing questions concerning metallurgical production, consumption, trade and value, and their connection to local diachronic socio-economic change. This paper examines these key issues through recent research programs in the steppe region, and in so doing offers an important comparative case study for early metallurgy. It is suggested that in order to develop a better understanding of early mining, metallurgy and socio-economic change in the central steppe region, new theoretical and methodological approaches are needed that highlight the unique characteristics of early mining communities and their relationships to micro-regional resources and concomitant local, in addition to long-distance, trade dynamics. These issues are discussed in light of current field research by the authors and their Russian colleagues on the Middle Bronze Age Sintashta development (2,100–1,700 BC) in the Southern Ural Mountains.     

《国语》观人记述简论

《国语》中有相当多的观人记述。结合当时的社会文化背景和相关的文献资料来看,《国语》观人记述较为全面而深入地反映了西周春秋时期的观人途径和手段,并包含着深刻的文化内蕴和明显的进步意义。就整部作品的文学性而言,《国语》观人记述也有着不可替代的重要功能,这主要表现为借一人之口刻画人物、直指人物内心的白描手法、赋予人物形象以深厚精警的意蕴等。     

商汤伐桀路线新探

郑州商城就是商汤所都的亳邑,成乃成皋,戎山就是文献所称的陑山,也即后世的雷首山和中条山。今陕西省合阳县东南一带,是夏桀逃亡的“莘之墟”。鸣条位于今夏县西北和安邑镇以北地带。今河南省陕州市是夏王桀所逃的“南巢氏”,又称“焦门”。今山西夏县为中心的晋南地区古称“夏虚”,是夏王朝统治集团的最后归宿。