中国的近代化与国情

中国近代化面临的特殊国情主要有二：一是近代化因素的积累严重不足;二是封建专制政治制度对近代资本主义因素的顽固排拒。任何致力于近代化事业的有识之士都必须正确认识这种特殊国情,对清政府和专制政治心存幻想注定不切实际,对近代化因素的积累水平估计过高也注定要走弯路。但在自鸦片战争至五四运动前的近百年时间里,有识之士们在对国情的认识上恰恰存在以上两种误区。正是这种认识上的误区,导致了有识之士们在近代化道路的选择和近代化具体操作过程中的种种错误决策,并因而延缓了中国近代化的进程。     

社会史视野下的中国近代交通与社会变迁——“第二届中国近代交通社会史学术研讨会”综述

2011年11月12日至15日,"第二届中国近代交通社会史学术研讨会"在杭州西子湖畔顺利举行。与会专家学者就近代交通体系的成长,近代交通发展中西方列强、政府、企业及企业家的角色,近代交通与区域近代化、城市化,近代交通与城乡经济社会变迁,近代交通与旅游、文卫事业等问题展开热烈研讨。研讨会反映了当前中国近代交通社会史的主要研究内容和发展方向,为从事中国近代交通社会史研究的学者提供了良好的交流平台。     

赣南农村市场中的非正式制度与近代社会变迁

客家文化背景下的赣南农村市场的发展历史,既是经济发展的过程,又是社会发展的过程。从其建立到运作都深深地打上了宗族、宗教信仰、风俗习惯等非正式制度的烙印,体现了典型的客家传统社会结构的双层架构特点。赣南农村墟市中的非正式制度在近代社会变迁中,有的遭淘汰或受限制,有的则演变或延伸。但闭塞与顽固的非正式制度也是制约赣南农村市场近代化的一个重要因素,近代赣南农村市场的发展走入了后续中的困境,表现出滞后的特点,因而难以实现社会转型。     

近代慈善事业与中国东南社会变迁(1895-1949)

1895-1949年,近代慈善事业的兴起与发展促使了中国东南社会的沧桑变迁及其慈善事业的近代化,其历程大致可以分为两个时期：清末十余年是初步兴起时期,近代色彩的慈善理念得以萌生,慈善公益活动有了初步扩展,传统的善堂善会纷纷向近代慈善团体转变。民国是兴盛发展时期,东南地区出现了众多的慈善团体和慈善家群体,对于民国社会的维系有着举足轻重的作用。近代慈善事业实际上扮演着调节社会的重要角色,成为推动近代社会前进的一种不可缺少的动力。     

郭嵩焘的近代外交意识

郭嵩焘是中国第一位驻外公使,在中国由传统外交向近代化外交的转型时期,以其独特和前瞻眼光来看待中外关系。其外交思想中的近代意识表现为对传统夷夏观的突破、对近代西方外交观念、外交礼仪的吸收、接纳,以及创办近代外交机制的努力等内容。郭嵩焘的近代外交意识,对晚清外交的近代化产生了深刻而广泛的影响。     

从《东方杂志》看近代乡村社会变迁--近代中国乡村史研究的视角及其他

近代中国乡村社会变迁的凸现可以说是伴随着工业化、城市化乃至现代化的历史进程而出现的历史主题.由于近代中国社会变迁既承负着现代化进程也承负着半殖民地化进程的双重困厄,因而乡村社会变迁更多地表现为危机的加剧、交错和寻求解脱危机的基本走向.通过从1907年到1948年近半个世纪的<东方杂志>有关近代乡村问题主题的记录,或可从一个侧面折射出近代乡村历史变迁的时代特征.     

晚清官僚士绅与近代中国思想解放

鸦片战争后,中国被迫启动近代化。近代化涉及到社会的各个领域,而其中的灵魂便是思想的近代化。近代中国思想近代化的过程实际上就是资本主义思想在中国传播和近代中国思想解放的过程。而在这个过程中,晚清的官僚士绅发挥了重要作用。     

铁路与近代广东古镇变迁

近代以前,广东的商品运输以水路为主,铁路通行后,巨大及优越的运输性能推动交通运输方式的转换,进而改变了商品流通网络,也带动了广东城镇的兴衰起伏。本文以广东三大古镇为例,揭示铁路交通的出现对于古镇变迁影响深远,集中表现在佛山的由盛及衰、广州城市近代化的快速发展以及石龙的愈加昌盛等方面。这一变动充分体现了以铁路为主的近代交通与广东近代化的紧密联系,预示着近代广东经济的发展轨迹,影响着其历史变迁。     

浅析“教养兼施”与中国传统慈善事业

慈善事业在我国历史渊源颇长,尤其是明清时期,中国江南地区的慈善事业高度繁荣。近代以来,随着西方社会思潮的冲击和中国近代社会变迁,中国传统慈善事业面临着新的转型,其主要表现即为"教养兼施"理念与传统慈善机构的结合。     

社会变迁视野下的中国近代地图绘制转型研究

近代中国地图绘制转型不仅是绘制技术、印刷和出版技术的转型,而且是近代社会变迁的一部分,受到众多方面社会变迁的影响.可以说,中国地图绘制的转型是近代社会变迁的一扇窗户,一方面,可以透过这扇窗户看到整个社会正在发生的众多变迁;另一方面,只有理解了社会正在发生的众多变迁,才能更为透彻地理解映射在窗户上各种光影的变化.从社会变迁视角分析近代地图绘制转型,也是地图史料价值的展现.     

抗战胜利前后中间党派对民主的诠释：以经济民主为中心

加世纪40年代,中间党派及自由知识分子为反对国民党垄断国家资源的一党专政体制,提出了融政治民主、经济民主、教育民主、国际民主于一炉的社会民主主义理论。这种民主观试图扩大民主的范围,其目标是社会方方面面皆民主化,以保障人权和实现社会正义,体现了超时代的理想主义色彩。中间党派对社会民主主义的颂扬,具有反抗国民党专制统治的进步意义,是近代中国民主宪政运动史留给后人的一笔精神财富。     

Foraging–Farming Transitions in Island Southeast Asia

The origins of agriculture have been debated by archaeologists for most of the discipline’s history, no more so than in Island Southeast Asia. The orthodox view is that Neolithic farmers spread south by sea from mainland China to Taiwan and thence to Island Southeast Asia, taking with them a new material culture and domestic rice and pigs and speaking the precursor of the Austronesian languages that are spoken in the region today. Opponents of this ‘farming/language dispersal’ theory have proposed models of acculturation, in which foragers acquired new material culture and food resources by trading with farmers. However, new work in archaeology, palaeoecology, palynology and anthropology, especially in Borneo, and in genetics and linguistics for the region as a whole, is suggesting that foraging/farming transitions in Southeast Asia were far more complex than either of these opposing ‘grand narratives’ of discontinuity (population colonisation) or continuity (acculturation) allows. Through the course of the Early/Mid-Holocene new material culture, technologies and foods were variously taken up, promoted or resisted in order to provision changes in the social and ideological constitution of societies. Whilst new readings of the data for foraging–farming transitions in the region vary, a consensus is emerging that it is more useful to focus on how materials and modes of life were used to underwrite changes in social networks than to seek to explain the archaeological record in terms of migrating farmers or acculturating foragers.     

The popularization of bicycles and modern Shanghai

Taking the popularization of bicycles in modern Shanghai as an example, this article discussed the interrelationship between the development of instruments and the users by analyzing the expansion of city space, formation of the city time rhythm, changes in consumption mode of different social classes, and the competition of various transportation tools, etc. The influences on the transformation of social life in Shanghai and other cities of China were also revealed.     

博物馆文化授权:理论内涵、生成逻辑与实施路径

博物馆作为展示文化遗产、普及文化教育、满足文化需求的社会机构在中国发展迅速,国家也鼓励其与相关产业融合创新、开发衍生产品以提升发展能力。文化授权作为激活文化资源潜能和博物馆文化产业发展创新的重要方式,在国内外文博产业中得到广泛应用。博物馆文化授权具体涵括图像授权、出版品授权、品牌授权等类型,也包括直接授权、委托授权、综合授权三种模式。博物馆文化授权存在一定的风险,要通过整合资源、发布信息、签订合同、监管过程和协同运营等具体路径更好地实施授权,以实现博物馆整体价值的提升和公共文化消费需求的满足。     

20世纪五六十年代的东南亚华侨问题与美国对华遏制政策

中国革命的胜利以及中美对抗格局的形成,使原已存在的东南亚华侨问题更加复杂。美国旋即从遏制中国的角度介入该问题,并制定了详尽的政策。例如,鼓励台湾当局争取华侨支持;排斥中国在华侨教育中的影响;鼓吹“中国威胁论”,破坏中国与东南亚国家的关系;充分发挥香港在华侨政策中的独特作用;等等。1960年,美国又根据形势发展,调整了它对东南亚华侨的政策。但是,不管美国的政策如何变化,其遏制中国的基本目标却始终如一。     

Populism during the period of the 1911 Revolution

Russian populism spread in China at the turn of the twentieth century in the name of anarchism, nihilism, and socialism, and gradually contributed to the formation of modern Chinese populism. Populism around the time of the 1911 Revolution had two characteristics: one was its deep hatred of capitalism which regarded capitalism as an ugly, decadent, and regressive historical phenomenon; the other characteristic was an attempt to get around the developmental stage of capitalism in order to proceed directly into socialism. Compared with Russian populism, modern Chinese populism did not have well-organized proponents, nor did it have any systemic system of populist political thought. It manifested itself more as a populist intellectual tendency without a strong self-awareness. Agrarian civilization and Confucianism provided the hotbed for populism, and a superficial understanding of Western capitalism was the main cultural drive that bred populism. The most important feature of modern Chinese populism was the fantasy of leaping from a backward agrarian country into socialism by surpassing capitalist industrialization.     

东南亚华人在中国大陆投资的文化逻辑——以郑氏家族企业集团为个案

作为个案研究,本文试图通过描述郑氏家族企业在东南亚成长和扩展的经历,以及在中国大陆的投资和运作的轨迹,探索他们如何做出在中国投资的决定,以及他们跨国战略背后的文化逻辑,并探讨他们的网络,尤其是社会和政治的关系网络,是如何形成和运作的以及他们的经营和管理及其成果是如何由这些网络关系决定的.     

战后东南亚华人问题的成因及对策

印尼的五月骚乱突出了东南亚华人问题。反华排华一直是东南亚的普遍性现象。导致东南亚地区华人问题的主要原因是民族经济、政治发展的不平衡,语言的复杂性,以及受冷战格局和所在国与中国关系的影响。为了从根本上解决东南亚的华人问题,华人本身、所在国、中国及国际社会等不同的社会主体应采取不同的措施。     

Frugality and Luxury: Morality,Market, and Consumption in Late Imperial China

This article contributes to a wider critique of the use of European capitalist, patterns of industrialization in studies of the economic history of modern China—patterns commonly assumed to be universally valid. This sort of analytical framework denies not only the value of alternative economic models, but also that of Chinese independent economic thought. In this context, the present article argues that most of the intellectual changes of seventeenth-century Europe that led to the formulation of liberal capitalism—resistance to government intervention, support for luxury consumption as well as a new understanding of the market and of the relationship between private interests and morality—had taken place in China more than a century earlier. The background against which the two processes emerged, however, varied significantly, leading to distinctive ramifications. Unprecedented population growth and a widening gap between hinterland and coastal economies led Chinese officials and intellectuals to discard ideas of free market and focus instead on solutions for increasing production, maximizing the circulation of resources, and fighting poverty. It was not, therefore, a lack of a “scientific” understanding of the economy that led China to turn away from European-style laissez fare, but rather an evaluation of the Empire’s circumstances, raising questions on whether the European model is indeed universally applicable regardless of local conditions.