El purgatorio de un dictador: Crisis,memoria y narrativas iconoclastas

ABSTRACT

In the autumn of 2005, the museum of Vilafranca del Penedès (Catalonia, Spain) programmed a cycle of cultural events in order to commemorate the thirtieth anniversary of Francisco Franco's death. Among them, the performative one-piece exhibition Listen, Franco! The Purgatory for a Dictator showed a bronze sculpted bust of the dictator (belonging to the museum collection) and invited citizens to freely participate and “tell to him” all they would have liked to say if they had had the opportunity to. The unusual shape of the event and the high level of participation made the exhibition become a media success. However, a last-day surprising performance experience—as a result of which the bust was “vandalized” or, should I better say, “re-signified”—became a source of reflection about the boundaries between preservation and transmission of cultural heritage, as well as about museums as places for collective elaboration of public memory. This case appears as a catalyzer of a cultural crisis that exploded after 2008, and a prefiguration a new exhibition around another sculpture of the dictator, which took place in Barcelona in 2016.     

中国博物馆大型原创性特展之展览策划——以南京博物院为例专访龚良院长

21世纪以来,中国博物馆的大型原创性特展工作呈现良好的发展态势。南京博物院龚良院长指出,大型原创性特展作为博物馆为公众提供更好的文化服务的文化产品,既能衡量博物馆的发展活力,也有利于博物馆的可持续发展。博物馆应根据自身的定位和特色完善藏品体系,从而确定展览主题,制订展览规划。高校应该围绕研究公众、服务公众调整博物馆学的课程设置。试行中的理事会制度将有助于推动博物馆为公众提供高品质的文化服务、满足公众更高的精神文化需求。南京博物院近年大力推行策展人制度,鼓励策划大型原创性特展,重视并强调展示文物之间的相互关系。2016年度举办的"法老·王"展是一次用低票价、非营利的方法,举办了一个不用财政资金、为公众提供优质服务的高品质展览,并将展览作为文化创意产品的有益尝试,将为中国博物馆界提供一个可复制的成功案例。     

博物馆展览文字浅析——观众研究视野中的案例分析

观众研究是现代博物馆学的核心内容。西方博物馆学通过对观众行为模式观察研究和数据统计分析,来剖析博物馆观众阅读行为的特点。相关研究成果表明,观众自身的认知体系主导着包括阅读行为在内的博物馆观众行为,并在此基础上形成博物馆体验。文字风格和形式设计影响着观众对博物馆展览文字的阅读行为。而针对具体展览的目标观众调查和展览评估应是进行展览策划和文字撰写的前提,是构建"高效"的博物馆展览文字的关键所在,却也是目前中国博物馆展览策划中的重要缺环。     

视觉文化背景下博物馆展示价值定位——自然博物馆陈列的新体悟

博物馆展示艺术是一种诉诸视觉器官的文化形态。为观众提供可欣赏、受教育的展示精品,是博物馆追求的永恒主题。本文通过对博物馆展示主题、创意设计、科技维新及视觉艺术四方面进行思考,发掘博物馆自身所蕴藏的艺术价值和文化价值是当代视觉文化背景下展示艺术的价值定位。     

Debating heritage authenticity: kastom and development at the Vanuatu Cultural Centre

In October 2003, 28 cultural expressions from around the world were proclaimed Masterpieces of the Oral and Intangible Heritage of Humanity, complementing the adoption of the Convention for the Safeguarding of the Intangible Cultural Heritage by UNESCO. This proclamation has been part of the broader remit of the international organisation to protect the world’s cultural diversity from modernity and globalisation. Inherent in this is an underlying notion of cultural authenticity, implying that certain expressions, which are considered to be endangered and therefore in need of institutional protection, constitute ‘original’ and ‘pure’ manifestations of cultural identity. Taking forward debates on the safeguarding of intangible heritage, this paper examines cultural authenticity in the context of the Vanuatu Cultural Centre, the principal cultural organisation, museum and research institution of the Melanesian archipelago. The proclamation of the practice of sandroing (sand drawing) as a masterpiece of intangible heritage, and other heritage interventions taking place in Vanuatu and recorded during fieldwork in 2007, provide an interesting perspective for examining how global cultural initiatives are negotiated by local constituencies. Here, heritage preservation is coupled with calls for development, which invites new ways for thinking about authenticity not according to predefined criteria, but with respect to local understandings.     

陈列展览策划与博物馆建设

陈列展览是博物馆最基本的职能之一,是博物馆开展公共文化服务的直接载体和最佳切入点。陈列展览策划作为创造性运作陈列展览的有效手段,与陈列展览水平及博物馆建设密切相关。陈列展览策划能力是博物馆核心竞争力的主要构成要素,加强陈列展览策划是适应博物馆事业发展的需要,深化陈列展览策划有助于提升博物馆的文化影响力。探析陈列展览策划与博物馆建设之间的关系,有助于深化对陈列展览策划的理性认识与实践探索,有益于增强对陈列展览策划与博物馆建设重要性的认识。     

Captain Cook upon Changing Seas: Indigenous Voices and Reimagining at the British Museum

ABSTRACT

This article reviews the British Museum exhibition, Reimagining Captain Cook: Pacific Perspectives, 29 November 2018–4 August 2019. It situates the exhibition within a global context of exhibitions held around the 250th anniversary of Cook’s first voyage, and critically considers its attempt to reframe dominant narratives surrounding Cook, his voyages and more broadly the colonization of the Pacific through a focus on Pacific Islander perspectives within a changing museum sector.     

博物馆实践与博物馆理论的关系——以博物馆展览为视角

博物馆学是一门后设学科,世界各地的博物馆都是用藏品来呈现人类与其环境所发生事物的真实场所,所以它是在产生功能之后才建立起模式与理论。中国博物馆机构的建立虽然是输入的“舶来品”,但是也有着相同的对收藏对象的运作、管理与使用之目的,所以在呈现给公众观赏的展览上,如何达成文化遗产讯息的传承,用观众对展览主题的认知、态度与需求...     

Shared heritage,shared authority,shared accountability? Co-generating museum performance criteria as a means of embedding ‘shared authority’

Abstract

This New Zealand case study presents insights from the perspectives of Māori and non-Māori museum stakeholders. It aimed to understand which activities and responsibilities mattered to stakeholders, in order to develop more meaningful accountability for their shared heritage. Using a participatory mixed method, the research explored how museum stakeholders assess their museum’s performance. Māori and non-Māori generated, sorted and rated 'possible performance statements’. A cultural analysis, using proprietary software, produced concept maps which illustrate differently nuanced museum constructs with different relative importance for constituent elements. Pattern-matching revealed divergent priority accorded certain museum activities, but also commonalities. Both cultural groups prioritised factors not generally featured in compliance-driven approaches to accountability reporting. For Māori, greatest importance was placed on care of taonga (‘treasures’), Māori-specific practice and engagement with Māori, while collections and staff were the key assessment factors for non-Māori. Incorporating stakeholder perspectives in a museum performance framework provides opportunities to report performance on dimensions which matter to wider communities. Where shared authority is taken seriously and stakeholders are involved, accountability becomes meaningful. This collaborative approach to performance framework development offers a tool for embedding the realities of shared authority into planning and delivering the museum’s activities and responsibilities.     

The educational work of a National Museum: creating knowledgeable young citizens in Ottawa,Canada

ABSTRACT

This article explores the geographies of education at the National Museum of Canada in the first half of the twentieth century. Through an analysis of the spatialization of children’s museum education, we highlight how the museum sought to inculcate in young Canadians knowledges about their country, its people, and natural resources. We situate children’s museum education within the broader context of Canadian nationalism, other museum activities, and public education in the capital. Focusing on the design and material organization of the museum, we highlight how the space of the museum, from the objects on display to the imposing grandeur of the building, sought to impress upon students the importance of the knowledge it conveyed. Finally, we illustrate how the museum’s programming aimed to provide children with knowledge of their national heritage, building citizenship through claims of development as destiny.     

Resurrection in slow motion: the delayed restoration of the cinema exhibition industry in post-war Rotterdam (1940–65)

Abstract

Investigating a cultural industry such as the cinema exhibition sector allows insights in the dynamic intersections between economic, social and cultural history. One of the central questions in the debates about the history of movie-going in the Netherlands centres on why the size and number of cinemas and cinema visits per capita has been significantly lower than the average in Western Europe throughout most of the twentieth century. This article monitors the restoration and repositioning of the Rotterdam cinema exhibition sector in the new city centre arising after the devastation of the bombardment of 1940. An analysis of the trade press and the archives of the influential business association ‘NBB’ suggests how effective local exhibitors were in fending off outsider entrepreneurs and regulating internal competition. Alternative networks of socio-cultural or religious or organizations were successfully prevented from setting up a viable operation exhibiting films.     

Iconic Arctic Shipwrecks,Archaeology, and Museum Narratives

This article reflects on three Arctic shipwrecks currently being reclaimed for future exhibition. Two are icons of polar exploration. Maud was built for Roald Amundsen's North Pole expedition (1917–1925) and Belgica was used in the first Antarctic overwintering expedition (1897–1899). The salvage of Maud in Canada and the ship's return to Norway in 2018 was privately financed. Raising Belgica has been the goal of a Belgian non‐profit organization. The third is a medieval Norwegian wreck excavated in 2017 with community funding. The role of each ship as icon and archaeological heritage is assessed and framed within a broader discussion of museum narratives.     

湖北省博物馆观众行为调查报告

博物馆观众行为,主要是指观众在博物馆环境中带有目的性的行动的连续集合。观众行为的跟踪调查和定点观察,是博物馆观众研究的重要手段。湖北省博物馆"曾侯乙墓展览"的观众行为、参观时间、展品参观率、博物馆标识利用率等的调查研究和统计分析,折射出博物馆在展线安排、服务设施等对外服务方面的大致情况,可以为我国博物馆开展观众服务提供可资借鉴的参考数据和建议。     

五种植物源提取物对博物馆展厅空气来源细菌的抑制效果

文物保存及展览环境中的细菌对于文物劣化的作用日益凸显。因此,开展空气微生物的净化工作对于文物安全具有重要意义。为此,本研究利用5种植物源提取物(Plant-derived extracts)作为净化剂,对博物馆展厅内采集到的空气微生物进行平板表面的气相熏蒸,进而通过活菌计数法和基于细菌16Sr RNA基因的聚合酶链式反应-变性梯度凝胶电泳(PCR-DGGE)技术,评价植物源提取物在不同使用剂量下对空气细菌的抑制效果。结果显示,抑菌效果最好的植物源提取物为柠檬醛,最弱的为香叶油。经高剂量组柠檬醛、香茅醇和芳樟醇熏蒸,空气细菌总菌落数可分别下降98.53%,98.53%,97.95%,同时空气中细菌的丰富度和多样性指数出现显著下降。此外,PCR-DGGE结果提示,柠檬醛和香茅醇复配可进一步提高抑菌效果。植物源提取物作为博物馆展厅内的空气微生物净化剂具有较好的应用前景。     

New technologies in cultural institutions: theory,evidence and policy implications

Publicly-funded cultural institutions such as theatre companies, symphony orchestras, museums, libraries and so on are increasingly engaging with new technologies as a means of improving their operational efficiency and extending the range of ways in which they pursue their cultural missions. For example, opera companies are broadcasting performances by satellite to cinemas, and art museums are using the Internet to show virtual exhibitions. These developments have implications for funding authorities who need to update their policy approaches to encompass a range of new technological phenomena. This paper provides a framework for assessing technological innovation in cultural institutions, and discusses the ramifications of such a framework for cultural policy. The paper is illustrated using the results of a recent research project that evaluated the UK National Theatre’s NT Live experiment and the Tate Gallery’s use of a web-based exhibition as strategies to expand their audience reach.     

‘Doing Gender’ at Body Worlds: Embodying Field Trips as Affective Educational Experience

This paper discusses the background, experience and outcomes of an explicitly feminist field trip to Gunther von Hagen's Body Worlds 2: The Anatomical Exhibition of Real Human Bodies. The cultural landscape of this exhibition materialized gendered geographies very powerfully, facilitating observation and analysis of embodied and emotional, social and spatial relations examined by students of two participating courses: ‘Gender and the City’, and ‘Geographies of Embodiment and Emotion’. Beyond its examination of often shocking and stereotypically gendered displays, the paper presents a challenge to research as well as teaching orthodoxy, arguing that its (student/teacher) collaborative authorship is in itself a form of feminist practice which disrupts author-itative geographical knowledge.     

中国遗址博物馆文物本体保护与展示模式的探索

文物本体是遗址博物馆展示的核心要素,本文通过对国内遗址博物馆的文物本体保护与展示模式的分析,探讨了遗址博物馆文物本体保护与展示模式的相关性,及影响遗址博物馆本体保护与展示模式协调统一的关键因素,提出了在环境条件允许及保护手段可行的基础上,通过选择展示的内容及展示模式,建立遗址博物馆科学展示模式及相关适宜保护系统,实现遗址博物馆的预防性保护功能。     

博物馆展示中的观众注意力引导——以“南越王墓出土文物陈列”为例

注意是人类进行信息加工的前提条件。博物馆观众的注意具有明显的选择性,大多数观众的参观是无意注意行为,博物馆应根据此特性进行管理,从展前的信息组织开始,合理规划展览的内容和形式;在展览预展期,应结合驻足人数、驻足时间以及参观效果访谈等因素进行观众注意力评量,并根据结果实时调整展览设计;开展后,应综合利用各种资源和手段,完善观众注意力引导,从而加强博物馆与观众之间的信息沟通与交流,实现博物馆的教育和传播功能。     

Historical empathy in a museum: uniting contextualisation and emotional engagement

Museums, memorial centres and other heritage institutions use various strategies to evoke an emotional response that serves to elicit empathy with the historical events and actors that are portrayed in exhibitions. To increase historical understanding, however, both emotional engagement with and contextual understanding of these historical figures are needed. Using the concept of historical empathy, this paper examines the continuous interplay between cognitive and affective dimensions of history learning in museums. We conducted a case study at Museon in The Hague, the Netherlands. We studied a learning session on children living through the Second World War, the museum’s strategies employed in the exhibition, the entrance narratives of secondary school students participating in the session and their engagement with the exhibition and with the educational activities. While most of the students did not feel related to WWII prior to their museum visit, the museum managed to engage many of them with personal stories and artefacts and by offering multiple and new perspectives. Our findings underscore the interplay between cognitive and affective dimensions of historical empathy and show that museums can serve as powerful contexts for developing this skill among school students.     

Cosmopolitics,border crossings and the complex museum

Collections documentation systems are powerful frameworks for organising, producing and controlling cultural knowledge. Drawing on the findings from the Australian Research Council Linkage project Reconceptualising Heritage Collections (University of Western Sydney and Powerhouse Museum, Sydney, Australia) and research undertaken using the museum’s Palestinian collections through wikis and focus groups with constituencies in Australia, Israel and Palestine, we illustrate the highly political and fluid nature of the meanings and values existent around objects; and how now, in a networked complex world, non-linear interactions are occurring across transnational borders. These interactions sit uneasily with conventional museum practice. The collections became visible mechanisms to confront the complex relations and politics of borders between the museum and everyday life. ‘Cosmopolitics’, in terms of its political, ethical, cosmological and transnational outlook along with cultural complexity, enables an exploration of the dynamics and the shifting borders of an emerging complex museum. Ideas for the future imaginary of these interactions are further explored through the pathway of chaos theory.