梨无主而心有“主”

咱们的古人,似乎喜欢在梨子上做点道德文章,汉代有“孔融让梨”一说,提倡在物质利益面前先人后己,已为他人所熟知。近日灯下阅读,又见元代许衡有“梨无主而心有主”一说,其含意更进一层。《元史·许衡传忖已载了这么一个故事：许衡未做官时,有年夏天外出,天气炎热,口渴难忍。道旁刚好有棵梨树,众人争相摘梨吃,唯独许衡不为所动。有人问他为何不吃,他回答说：“不是自己的梨,岂能乱摘？”那人解释说：“乱世之时,这梨树是没有主人的。”许衡正色道：“梨无主,难道我的心也无‘主’吗？”这个许衡,史称自幼好学,后得程朱书,…     

试析元代大儒许衡的宇宙生成论思想

本文通过元代大儒许衡在理与气,理与天,理与物、理与心等关系范畴上的论述,阐释了他的道→太极→气→天地→万物的宇宙生成理论。许衡的宇宙生成理论在继承朱学的同时,又在一定程度上冲破程朱理学的某些束缚,吸收了张载气学和陆九渊心学的思想,建立了自己的思想体系。     

《史记》对历史盛衰认识的哲理性和时代性

《史记》总结了前代学术,吸收了前辈的思想资料,融合成司马迁的“一家之言”,即史家之言。他在对前代历史著作和有关历史认识的考察中,提出“原始察终,见盛观衰”的著史宗旨,形成观察历史盛衰的变通史学思想。《老子》、《周易》和“天官”学中的朴素辩证法思想的结合,对司马迁的治史有着重要的意义。“原始察终,见盛观衰”,是把历史作为一个盛衰不断变动的过程来把握。历史上的各种盛衰相互联系,相互影响。“见盛观衰”,说明盛、衰两个对立面有联系地存在一个共同的社会中。历史盛衰变化是有条件的。《史记》中讲人事作用在盛衰变化中的意义,人事作用体现为人谋、政事和征战,尤其重视人谋的作用。司马迁把贤相良将的作用和民心所向结合起来,论人事作用。人事作用的发挥又受到历史形势的制约。“承敝易变”,是变其“敝”,变其所当变,不是割断历史联系。变是历史的必然。“使民不倦”是成功变革的体现。“攻守之势异也”,是“承敝易变”思想引出的一个重要观点。“承敝易变”是司马迁总结历史上各种变革得出的一个认识,也是他思考现实社会变化的观点。司马迁历史盛衰的总结,体现出一个伟大史学家的历史感和时代感。     

先秦诸子论历史盛衰

先秦诸子承认历史盛衰变化是一种客观存在,这是其历史盛衰论产生的思想前提。先秦诸子还认识到盛衰变化和转化的必然性。对于决定历史盛衰的因素,先秦诸子从历史与哲学的高度进行了深刻、多维的思考,他们关于历史盛衰的总结和思考,对我国民族的历史思维及后世史学产生了深刻的影响。     

略论孟子的以史为鉴思想

孟子以史为鉴的思想非常丰富。孟子是战国时期著名的思想家。他生活的年代以“乱世”为当时主要特征,他描绘当时的情况是：“争地以战,杀人盈野争城以战,杀人盈城。”频繁的战争,迫使孟子对中国社会政治经济乃至道德现状等进行深入考察和思考,他对以往古代社会的历史进行分析,借鉴历史,提出了他的政治、经济等方面的主张。     

虞集的史学思想

虞集有深厚的家学渊源,他的理学特点也反映到其史学思想上。他以王道德治为标准,考历史盛衰之“理”。在《经世大典序录》中,通过总结典制,他充分肯定了元朝多民族统一国家的历史意义,宣传和提倡养民厚生思想。他重视历史经验的借鉴作用,对辽、金、宋三史的史料收集和编撰体例有独到之见。他的历史文献学思想注重博采、广稽、求实     

“吾心有主”才会“心有长城”

宋元之交有个著名学者叫许衡。他一生主持国学,兴办学校,以儒家六艺为国学内容教化百姓,官至集贤大学士兼国子监祭酒。他认为心与理“一以贯之”,可以“宰万物,统万事”。主张“存养”使“气服于理”。其学说对程朱理学的传播和世风淳正有一定的影响。     

毛泽东早期政治思想研究

毛泽东早期在政治上就具有强烈的参予意识,并显露出惊人的才华和独到的见解,他的政治思想主要体现在他对中国社会和国民性的认识和由此提出的种种改造中国社会的方案方面。(一)忧国忧民的参予意识——“五四”前对中国社会和国民性的思考毛泽东青年时代就以“身无分文,心忧天下”自勉。他的忧国忧民参予意识首先体现在对中国国民性的认识1、“积弊甚深”的国民性     

《退斋记》与许衡刘因的出处进退——元代儒士境遇心态之一斑

许衡和刘因是元朝前期北方两大理学名儒,但二人的关系却有些微妙。刘因有一篇文章《退斋记》,不点名地严厉批评当时政坛上的一位大人物,一些学者猜测其批评对象就是许衡,但也有人不同意这种看法。实际上,《退斋记》确系影射许衡之作。许衡在元初政坛屡出屡退,《退斋记》对他的批评有一定根据;但《退斋记》将许衡的行为指斥为“老氏之术”、“以术欺世”,则是求之过深,责之过苛,反映出刘因对许衡怀有很强的误解和成见。这种误解和成见,与刘因个人的经历、性格、思想有着密切关系,从一个侧面反映出元朝统治下汉族儒士生不逢时的悲剧命运。     

非其有而取之,不可也

宋元之际学者许衡,曾参与元初制定朝仪官制等重大活动,为元世祖策划立国规模。他从总结历史的经验教训中,认为“北方(少数民族)之有中夏者,必行汉法乃可长久……今日之治,非此奚宜?夫陆行宜车,水行宜舟,反之则不能行。幽燕食寒,蜀汉食热,反之则必有变。以是论之,国家之当行汉法,无疑也。”他对元世祖说:“苟能渐之摩之,待以岁月,心坚而确,     

Telling small stories: spaces of knowledge and the practice of geography

This article examines how the practice of learning geography, and the arenas in which knowledge-making takes place, can be usefully positioned within changing histories of the discipline. It contends that networks of action – understood through the intersection of social sites, subjects and sources – present a conceptual framework and narrative focus for the re-consideration of specific episodes from geography's past. The interventions made here are informed and illustrated by a 'small story' about the doing of geography. Based on different personal accounts, the story revives a series of events, encounters, dialogues and images dating back to the winter of 1951 at Glenmore Lodge, Scotland. This educational institution in the Cairngorm mountains offered children from urban areas the opportunity to learn field studies and the skills of 'outdoor citizenship'. Initially, the focus falls on Margaret Jack, a 14-year-old field-course participant. Her learning experiences are traced through personal letters, a diary and a field journal dating from that time, and her recent recollections of this event. Margaret's account dovetails with the story of her field studies instructor, Robin Murray. Robin's role is traced through his learning experiences as a geography undergraduate at Aberdeen University, and the recent recollections of Catriona Murray, his wife.     

Das Wissen der Schulden. Recht,Kulturtechnik und Alltagserfahrung im liberalen Kapitalismus

The Knowledge of Debt: Law, Media Technique, and Everyday Experience in Liberal Capitalism. Performing an object such as ‘the economy’ hinges on practices of formatting knowledge. The article proposes to look at such instituting moments in connection with social conflicts over the legitimate rules of exchange. This is exemplified by way of recounting the story of the codification of Swiss bankruptcy law in 1889. In order to homogenize the legal procedures of debt collection and bankruptcy, two subject categories were instituted: ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. These different categories were thought to account for the diverging temporalities and spaces of credit exchange in everyday economic life. The introduction of the commercial register, a media-technical apparatus, enabled a formal distinction between ‘merchants’ and ‘non-merchants’. However, this boundary was contested and proved to be porose.     

Two radiocarbon dates for freshwater shells from hierakonpolis: Archaeological and geological interpretations

Shells of two species of freshwater bivalve (Unio willcocksi Bullen Newton and Etheria elliptica Lamarck) from the predynastic Gerzean (Nagada II) Decorated Tomb at Hierakonpolis, Egypt have given dates of 5000±90 bp for the tomb, and 12,900±120 bp for an episode of Nile terrace accumulation (correlated here with the Sahaba-Darau aggradation event). The archaeological and geological significance of these results is discussed, together with an outline of problems associated with radiocarbon dating of shell. Comparisons are made with the few other radiocarbon dates available for the Predynastic period in Egypt and possible reasons for the presence of shells in the tomb are considered.     

Some chronological implications of a fossil molluscan assemblage from a neolithic site at Brook,Kent, England

The later post-glacial history of a valley in the chalk escarpment near Brook, Kent, is described, based on molluscan stratigraphy, archaeological evidence and radio-carbon dating. Differences in size and colour banding, respectively, of fossil and living representatives of two species of land snails, Pomatias elegans (Müller) and Cepaea nemoralis (L.), are correlated with climatic change during the post-glacial period. The problems of the use of fossil shells of these species as samples for radiocarbon dating are discussed.     

China's Dynamic Industrial Sector: The Internet Industry

A Singapore-based economic geographer explores and analyzes the spatially uneven evolution of the Internet industry in China, arguing that the country's immense regional disparity in the provision of Internet services is best explained by the interplay of place- and path-dependence. The author demonstrates how the highly uneven regional endowments in relevant industrial and entrepreneurial resources have led to the substantial and persistent regional imbalance within China's emerging "new economy." His initial survey of the country's 100 leading Internet content providers (firms), identified from a listing of ca. 11,700 commercial websites, is selectively augmented to reflect an increase of over 70 million Internet users in 2007, reaching a total of 253 million in June 2008, and thus overtaking the United States as the world's largest Internet market. Journal of Economic Literature, Classification Numbers: L10, L86, O30. 6 figures, 1 table, 53 references.     

The 1911 International Exposition in Rome: architecture, archaeology, and national identity

This paper discusses the 1911 International Exposition in Rome and illustrates how this patriotic celebration of the fiftieth anniversary of the Italian Sate utilized symbolic landscapes of architecture and archaeology to promote nationalist sentiments of italianità and romanità centered on the young capital of Rome. Through modern art exhibitions at the Valle Giulia, scientific conferences at the Castel Sant’Angelo, archaeological exhibits on the Roman Empire in the Baths of Diocletian, and regional Italian pavilions in the Piazza d’Armi, exposition officials offered a complex representation of Italian national identity that was modern yet ancient, cosmopolitan yet bucolic, European yet regional, and imperial yet developing.     

The Rise and Fall of Alexander the Great – The Need for Medical Analysis: Reply to Commentaries

Alexander the Great died in 323 B.C. from an unknown cause. By elucidating the nature of his death, we can better interpret various aspects of Alexandrian history. Alexander’s death may have ensued from the sequelae of a congenital scoliotic syndrome. It would therefore be of significance to note that one of the greatest leaders in history who conquered much of the then known world may have been suffering from a physical disability.     

The Chemists' Style of Thinking

Der Denkstil der Chemiker. Der Aufsatz diskutiert die Tragfähigkeit des Begriffes “Denkstil”, wie er von Alistair Crombie eingeführt und Ian Hacking aufgegriffen wurde, für das Verständnis dessen, wie das Fach Chemie historisch seine Identität ausgeprägt hat. Obwohl weder Crombie noch Hacking den Begriff “Denkstil” in Bezug auf einzelne Disziplinen verwendet haben, erscheint im Fall der Chemie seine Anwendung besonders vielversprechend, weil er hier hilft, ein zentrales Problem zu thematisieren – nämlich die Frage, wie es Chemikern trotz wechselnder Gegenstandsbereiche und theoretischer Umbrüche gelang, eine eigenständige und stabile Identität auszubilden. Nach einer Einführung in den Begriff “Denkstil”, argumentiert der Aufsatz, dass die Beständigkeit der Chemie als eines Faches wesentlich in ihren Laborpraktiken gründet, die ihrerseits wiederum die spezifische Art der Fragen bestimmten, die Chemiker in ihren Forschungen stellten bzw. die Form der Antworten, nach denen sie suchten. Folgende Merkmale kennzeichnen diesen “chemischen Denkstil” (1) eine spezifische, im Herstellen begründete Form des Wissens, (2) die Befassung mit einzelnen Stoffen und Materialien statt mit Materie im Allgemeinen und (3) eine Beobachtung von Natur besonders im Hinblick auf Transformationsprozesse. The Chemists' Style of Thinking. This paper discusses the relevance of the notion of “styles of scientific thinking” introduced by Alistair Crombie and revisited by Ian Hacking, for understanding how chemistry shaped its identity. Although neither Crombie nor Hacking applied this notion to individual disciplines, it seems appropriate to use it in the case of chemistry because it helps to address a puzzling issue: how did chemists manage to shape an identity of their own, despite shifting territories and theoretical transformations? Following a presentation of the notion of style, I will argue that the stable identity of chemistry is rooted in laboratory practices, which determined the specific questions that chemists put to nature as well as the answers to their questions. The “chemical style of thinking” is characterized by i) a specific way of knowing through making, ii) the concern with individual materials rather than matter in general and iii) a specific commitment to nature.