康熙三十四年建太和殿大木结构研究

本文在王璞子、傅熹年先生的基础上,通过深入研究《太和殿纪事》所记载的大木尺寸,详细测量、分析太和殿木结构的现状尺寸,得出以下结论1、康熙三十四年所建太和殿平面丈尺是用清尺在明代遗留建筑基址上量度确定的,明清大木侧脚设计有所差异;2、太和殿通檐柱高(柱脚至挑檐枋上皮)等于明间开间;3、金柱高(至上层檐)为通檐柱高的1.5倍;4、上下层斗拱在此基础上深化设计、权衡尺寸,总出挑凑足整尺寸,并通盘考虑以适合檐步举架尺寸;5、按照前后挑檐檩间距的1/3确定屋架正心桁之间的总举架高度。     

故宫神武门门楼大木尺度设计初探

本文研究的基础在于2005年以来结合神武门保护工程的实测成果。经过综合归纳数据、统计分析,作者提出神武门门楼大木所用尺长假说,并明确了精确到半尺的柱头平面设计。在此基础上,本文还尝试考察垂直方向上金柱高、屋架举架设计,以及斗栱细部设计等问题。     

佛光寺东大殿实测数据解读

结合山西省古建筑保护研究所2004年、清华大学2005—2006年对五台山佛光寺东大殿的手工测绘和三维激光扫描测量,本文借鉴前辈学者对于佛光寺东大殿原始设计尺寸权衡的论述,在今天毫米级精度的测量数据的基础上,得出以下结论:东大殿所用营造尺长298毫米,中五间开间1丈7尺,标准柱高同之;斗拱材宽7寸;斗拱下昂斜度等于总举斜度,基本斜度可描述成“平出47分~(?),抬高21分~(?)”,总举为此基本斜度的11倍,稍间、进深各间尺寸因此定为1丈4尺8寸;中平槫到柱头的高度等于总举高。通过上述的分析与结论,本文强调提高古建筑测绘数据全面性和精度的重要意义及深远的科研前景。     

青海乐都瞿昙寺隆国殿大木结构研究补遗

本文在总结前人关于青海瞿昙寺隆国殿大木结构研究成果的基础上,结合2009年使用三维激光扫描仪和全站仪进行的补充测绘,经过综合提取数据、统计分析,提出:1)隆国殿大木用尺316.5毫米;2)柱头平面采用简明的尺度设计方法;3)面阔、进深与柱高、通柱高之间不存在精确比例关系,而存在近似比例关系,反映出可能存在一种尺度控制设计。本文进一步将这种大木结构设计特点归纳为六个推论。     

高平市汤王头村砖雕壁画墓结构形制研究

本文对山西高平汤王头村砖雕壁画墓的结构形制进行分析研究。通过形制特征排比,作者推断该墓年代在金代大定至明昌时期,并认为以其为代表的晋城地区金墓,体现出了仿木构形制与技术沿交通线传播的历史进程。通过实测尺度分析,确认墓主室平面、立面采用整尺设计,后室、侧室平面以条砖尺寸为模数性基准。墓室仿木斗栱用预制模件装配而成,主室斗栱表现出明显模拟木构斗栱"材分制"的做法。     

长白山金代皇家神庙遗址寝殿建筑形制研究

长白山金代神庙建筑群是以工字殿为核心的廊院型建筑群,工字殿由正殿、寝殿和穿廊组成,考古发掘工作基本明晰了该建筑群的布局,其中寝殿遗址保存较为完好且发掘情况较为清晰。在梳理考古发掘简报内遗址测绘数据,并结合中国现存宋、金时期建筑实例和实测数据及《营造法式》的基础上,分别对神庙寝殿建筑平面、整体尺度、大木构架和立面外观进行复原探讨。研究发现,长白山神庙虽然开间数仅为三间,但建筑规模是可以与其精神地位相符的,是一座较高等级的金代皇家敕建祭祀庙宇;长白山神庙因特殊的自然资源、气候特征和使用频率,匠人在营建寝殿时通过使用大尺度的构件、增加柱子侧脚、简化结构等方式极大地延长了建筑寿命,同时缩短了建造时间,降低了后期维修的难度;在建筑营造方面,寝殿的设计尺度基本遵循了《营造法式》的各项规定,在建筑控制尺度上多以分°为模数,构件尺度上多以尺为设计单位,与现存金代建筑实例差别较大。同时,在匠人流派上,长白山神庙的建造者与晋祠献殿建造者的匠作流派应有较深渊源。     

周代銅器“虢季子白盤”歸諸人民

我國名貴的古代青銅器‘虢季子白盤’,歷來考證家鑑定為週代之物,形狀極以現代的浴盆,器高一尺二寸五分,足高一寸五分,口寬二尺四寸八分、口長三尺九寸,腹深一尺一寸,腹圍十二尺左     

东汉铜尺辨识

<正>吉林博物院收藏有一件东汉时期的尺子,其材质为铜质,铜色呈紫色,表面略有锈蚀,征集入藏时便已残断(见图1、图2)。铜尺全长20.5厘米,宽2.5厘米,重为33.6克。尺身刻有分寸刻度,每分的刻度为5毫米,每寸的刻度为2.2厘米(见图3~图5)。铜尺上的铭文为"始建国元年正月癸酉朔日制公尺",共计14字,字体为小篆(见图6、图7)。这件铜尺自从1953年被吉林博物院收藏以来,未     

平山文庙大成殿探析

平山文庙大成殿是元代文庙建筑的代表作,柱网分布为典型的元代建筑平面布局风格;梁架举架较大,用自然材,简洁生动,彻上露明造,是早期建筑的范例。     

峨眉山金顶铜碑

峨眉山金顶的铜碑,在卧云庵内。该碑虽然经历了大自然的风雨剥蚀,至今仍光润可鉴,字迹清晰。碑文中记载三百多年前,峨眉山顶曾有一座精湛的铜殿,此殿始于明万历三十年(1602年)之春,竣工于次年之秋。“殿高2丈5尺,广1丈4尺4寸,深1丈3尺5寸,上为重檐雕甍,环以绣棂琐窗,中坐大士,傍绕万佛,门枋空处,雕画云栈剑阁之险,及入山道路逶迤曲折之状。渗以真金,巍峨晃漾,照耀天地。”这确是一座精致的古代建筑珍品。据说,在当时闻名遐迩,引来许多名人观赏,得到了极高的赞誉。清人王曰曾有诗云:“重家崇胜事,法象得辉煌,玉局三曾诰,金宫百和香。塔熔六艺乘,钟吼老龙王,碑篆为霸古,现模起晋     

故宫武英殿建筑群木构件树种及其配置研究

我们从武英殿建筑群的武英门、武英殿、敬思殿、武英门东西值房、东配殿及北值房、西配殿及北值房、恒寿斋、井亭11座建筑的20余种木构件上,共采集1145个样本进行树种鉴定。结果表明,武英殿建筑群共使用了15个种或属的木材,其中有落叶松、软木松、硬木松、冷杉、云杉、黄杉、柏木、杉木、圆柏、金钱松等10种针叶材,桢楠、椴树、润楠、喃喃果、印茄等5种阔叶材。其中,杉木、桢楠和润楠是我国南方树种,喃喃果和印茄是东南亚进口材。武英殿主要承重木构件选用主要为北方树种中密度和力学强度较高的落叶松、黄杉和云杉,其他木构件则主要使用的是密度低、重量轻的软木松;敬思殿主要承重木构件使用的是云杉,其他木构件也以软木松为主,但使用的木材比较杂,角梁和爬梁全部使用了东南亚进口阔叶材;敬思殿在选材方面与武英殿的差异,可能是在光绪三十年重建时选材标准不如武英殿严格所致。武英门的木材,硬木松占了绝大多数,使用的都是强度较大的木材。所有配殿和值房的主要承重构件中,柱使用最多的是硬木松,其次是落叶松、软木松;月梁、三架梁和四架梁、瓜柱、四架梁随梁、抱头梁及其随梁木构件使用的是杉木,配殿、值房等建筑的梁没有使用强度高的木材。是以南方树种为主,其中某些主要构件还使用了珍贵的南方阔叶树种如桢楠、润楠等。这种情况表明,恒寿斋和井亭是武英殿几次大火后的仅存建筑,因而保留了明代建造时选材的历史信息。木材的使用差异具有一定的时代意义。从润楠在恒寿斋的柱和梁上,椴树、桢楠和润楠在斗棋上使用,以及根据构件的承重和位置不同进行树种配置,既考虑了对主要建筑结构材的强度要求,也考虑了尽可能减小其他木构件对主要构件的负荷,这种按照木材物理力学的性质和木材承重强度等因素进行选材的建筑原则,相当清楚地表明当时吉建筑在科学选材方面已达到很高的水平。在故宫维修工程中通过对各种木构件树种配置的研究,进行科学定性分析,将深层次地探索古建筑留给我们的历史痕迹和信息,揭示其科学性,为制定维修保护方案提供科学依据,并为故宫古建筑保护研究提供新的方法,丰富故宫历史档案资料。     

古建筑木结构的保护问题

我国古建筑以木结构体系为主,主要承重材料是木材。木材是生物体,由有机物组成,容易发生腐朽、虫蛀、火灾和力学性能衰减等劣化,其中腐朽和虫蛀等生物危害的发生最为普遍。本文重点介绍了古建筑修缮和保护中,木材的保存、干燥、木材防腐处理的通用药剂和使用方法,针对古建筑保护中存在的树种选择困难、木材防腐处理质量和木材含水率过高等问题,提出建议,为古建筑木结构的保护和维修提供最新的信息。     

Resource Exploitation and Wood Mobility in Northern European Oak: dendroprovenancing of individual timbers from the Mary Rose (1510/11–1545)

Dendrochronology has proved useful in suggesting the provenance of timbers in northern Europe, particularly for ship‐timbers, which may have originated from a distant source. Historical chronologies are usually derived from timbers of uncertain origin. In trying to provenance a new chronology, therefore, trends in the geographical distribution of statistical matches should be viewed, rather than individual strong matches. While it is usual to test a site‐chronology created from several individual timbers, in a situation such as the Mary Rose, where individual timbers may have been sourced from several regions, the matches of individual timbers may shed light on their origins. © 2010 The Author     

Iberian Dendrochronology and the Newport Medieval Ship

At the time of the discovery of the Newport medieval ship, it proved impossible to date the timbers used in its original construction through dendrochronology. Associated British timbers and artefacts provided dating to the mid 15th century, with the latter pointing to strong Iberian connections. The development of regional oak ring‐width chronologies in the Basque Country, and their extension back in time to overlap with the ring‐width mean developed for the Newport Ship, has allowed absolute dating and provenance of timbers used in its original construction. Further research is required to clarify the geographical source of the timbers and to develop a high‐resolution network of tree‐ring data for the region.     

HMS Colossus,an Experimental Site Stabilization

Abstract

HMS Colossus, a 74-gun warship, sank in the Isles of Scilly in 1798. The stern half of this vessel became exposed on the seabed some time around 2001. The timbers of the wreck were in excellent condition when first exposed but quickly began to deteriorate, mainly due to attack by wood-boring organisms. In 2003 English Heritage commissioned a two-year stabilization trial project on the site. These trials were aimed at determining the most effective method of protecting the exposed timbers of the wreck. Three different methods of protection were trialled, all of which had been used previously elsewhere. One of these methods, a Terram 4000 mat, was clearly the most effective on this site. In 2008, a small area of the wreck was covered with a Terram 4000 mat to determine the long-term efficacy of this means of site stabilization. Prior to installation the area to be covered was recorded in detail, along with an adjacent area as a control, to facilitate future comparison of the condition of the ship's timbers. This work, too, was commissioned by English Heritage (Camidge 2008).     

跨湖桥遗址考古木材的二次保护

跨湖桥遗址考古木材出土后经过脱盐处理,然后采用聚乙二醇(PEG)进行定形加固。保护后的考古木材存在色泽变深的问题,需要对这些考古木材进行二次保护。在二次保护过程中,选用1,2-二甲基-3-羟基-4(1H)-吡啶酮复配溶液作为脱盐脱色络合溶液,以PEG为定形加固剂,采用真空冷冻方式进行脱水干燥。二次保护取得了良好的效果,考古木材尺寸和形状基本保持不变,色泽更为自然,木材纹理清晰可见。     

Understanding the historic legacies of empire from the timbers left behind: Towards critical dendroprovenancing in the British North Atlantic

The forests of British North America were integral to Britain's maritime empire. Many of these timbers exist today as wooden beams and flooring at historical dockyards and garrisons such as the Royal Naval Dockyard of Bermuda. In this paper, we investigate what timbers from this Dockyard can tell us about interconnections and empire-building throughout the North Atlantic region. To do this we drew from approaches of critical physical geography, historical geography, and dendroprovenancing by using timber as a way to interrogate collaboratively the changes in—and connections across—socio-ecological landscapes. We examined HM Customs records between 1825 and 1850 to determine the flow of timbers to Bermuda. We then sampled timbers from buildings constructed between 1825 and 1853 and analyzed them using isotopic and dendrochronological techniques to establish the probable location of origin of the timber samples. HM Customs records showed that prior to the 1840s, timbers primarily came from British North America, whereas post-1840 timbers primarily came from the southeastern United States, with some still coming from Europe and British North America. To establish whether timber use by the Royal Navy and Royal Engineers matched the pattern in the customs documents, we looked to the dendrochronological records. Dendrochronologic evidence showed that military construction followed the same pattern, with buildings constructed pre-1840 using material from British North America and buildings constructed post-1840 using timbers sourced from the southeastern United States. Finally, using this information we explore some of the connections between regions, in terms of resource use, and the implications of those uses—for example, that the British Admiralty continued to benefit from the practices of slavery through the use of products produced from enslaved labour in other parts of the North Atlantic well after emancipation.     

An English Tree-Ring Chronology,A.D. 404–1216

AN 813-YEAR OAK CHRONOLOGY, A.D. 404–1216, is presented. Its construction has taken three years because of the difficulty of finding suitable Saxon timbers and the need to test the reliability of the dating. Although based on only a few timbers for the period c. A.D. 700, it can be used to date Saxon and medieval timbers whilst more material is found to consolidate that section of the chronology.     

A Spanish Man‐o‐War in New Zealand? The 1864 wreck of Grafton and its lessons for pre‐Cook shipwreck claims

This paper considers the 1864 wreck of Grafton in the Auckland Islands, and its implications for wreck analysis and pre‐Cook exploration claims. The captain of Grafton, Thomas Musgrave, stated that the schooner was built from the wreck of a Spanish man‐o‐war, and archaeological analysis of the wreck found that the timbers are a tropical South American species, and had possibly been reused. The implications of this are clear; it is possible that timbers that originated in pre‐Cook (1769) ships lie in New Zealand, but without a full understanding of the historical and archaeological context of any such timbers, including their reuse in later ships, it is not possible to claim proof of pre‐Cook European exploration of New Zealand.