滇池地区石寨山类型相关问题探讨

石寨山类型是学界最早提出的云南新石器时代考古学文化的地方类型之一,主要分布在滇池地区,命名沿用至今。本文通过对石寨山类型发现和研究历程的梳理,把握其概念建构的背景,以此为基础进行性质辨析,认为石寨山类型在时空和内涵上与石寨山文化高度重合,属同一青铜时代遗存,建议暂不将其作为云南新石器时代考古学文化的地方类型。最后探讨了石寨山文化与周边遗存的关系,初步推测石寨山文化是由周边遗存向心发展而成。     

云南石寨山文化贮贝器研究

石寨山文化因晋宁石寨山遗址的发掘而得名。石寨山文化遗存目前已有大量发现,已发现和发掘的墓葬主要有晋宁石寨山、昆明磷肥厂、官渡、双龙坝、岔街、金马寺、海口白塔村、富民周家营、大营、大团山、安宁太极山、长坡、澄江黑泥湾、万海、曲靖三宝村、呈贡龙街石碑村、天子庙、江川李家山等处,分布于滇池周围10余个县的数十个地点,其中晋宁石寨山,呈贡龙街石碑村、天子庙,小松山、安宁太极山、江川李家     

云南江川李家山墓地的社会结构解析

<正>江川李家山1972年清理发掘27座墓葬、1992年发掘清理59座墓葬,两次共清理86座墓葬1,李家山墓地是石寨山文化墓地中墓葬材料保存相对完整、随葬器物所表现的墓主性别特征十分明显,对于认识和研究石寨山文化在葬俗方面的演变过程非常重要。李家山墓地相当部分墓葬人骨没有保存下来,即便保存下来的也没有进行体质人类学的鉴定,我们对该墓地墓主性别的判定是基于金莲山墓地的实践所得到的认识。     

云南晋宁河泊所和西王庙青铜时代贝丘遗址试掘简报

2014年和2016年云南省文物考古研究所联合美国芝加哥大学,分别对晋宁河泊所和西王庙遗址进行了试掘。遗址位于滇池东南岸,毗连石寨山墓地,是石寨山文化的核心居址。两次试掘发现了商周时期的灰坑、房址等遗迹,出土了陶片、石器、玉器等遗物,为认识石寨山文化提供了新的线索。     

滇王族的文化背景

一、关于石寨山文化的性质兼有南北方文化因素的石寨山文化,自公布于世已逾三十年;这期间,关于如何认识该文化及所在文化的社会,已有许多研究观点。最近,张增祺分析云南青铜器文化的内容,列举了三种主要的外来文化因素:第一:由中亚和西亚传入的斯基泰文化(Scythian CuLture) 的因素。第二:中国北方草原文化的因素。第三:在以上两种文化的基础上,云南本土民族改造创新的文化内容。另外,江长波夫认为:“……石寨山,李家山文化如实地反映了游牧民等骑马民族对稻作农耕民族的征服战争。同时,也暗示     

云南晋宁石寨山第五次抢救性清理发掘简报

云南晋宁石寨山墓群自1955年～1960年曾进行过4次发掘。1996年5月,云南省考古研究所等单位又对石寨山墓均进行了第5次发掘,共清理墓葬36座。M71为此次发掘的一座大型墓葬,葬具有棺有椁,随葬品共224件(组),以青铜器为主,另有铁器、铜铁合制器、金器、玉器、玛瑙器、陶器、石器及漆木器,依用途可分为生产工具、兵器、生活用具、礼器、装饰品、马饰等,其中叠鼓形铜贮贝器和筒形铜贮贝器造型极具特色。此批墓葬年代分属战国中期以前和西汉中期偏晚。本期同时刊发蒋志龙有关石寨山文化的研究文章。     

石寨山考古的新成果和再认识——读《晋宁石寨山——第五次发掘报告》

由云南省文物考古研究所等单位编著、文物出版社出版发行的《晋宁石寨山——第五次发掘报告》(以下简称《第五次发掘报告》)已于2009年与读者见面了[1]。这是继1959年《云南晋宁石寨山古墓群发掘报告》[2]以来又一部以     

云南昆明石寨山出土汉代青铜器的初步分析

云南昆明的石寨山墓葬是汉代滇池区域的土著文化,为了了解该地汉代铜器的制作工艺水平,本研究通过金相显微镜观察、扫描电镜及能谱分析的现代分析手段来对M3、M5、M6、M7、M10、M12这6个墓葬群的31件青铜器展开探讨。结果显示在31件铜器样品中,有30件为铜锡合金,1件为红铜,所有器物均为铸造,其中有1件铜戈的刃部经历过热锻加工。这一分析结果丰富了石寨山文化的铜器研究,为器物的保护修复提供科学依据,同时也为云南汉代时期的铜器考古学以及金属技术史补充部分资料。     

滇东黔西青铜文化初论——以云南昭通及贵州毕节地区的考古材料为中心

滇东高原的昭鲁盆地及其周围地区早在公元前1000年前就已经出现了一种不同于周围地区的独特青铜文化,这种青铜文化传统经历了至少三个大的发展阶段或者说是三种不同的考古学文化,其中以昭通营盘村乙区墓地为代表的第二阶段受到了四川盆地青铜文化的强烈影响,而在最后一个发展阶段因受到西面新崛起的石寨山文化的影响,整个滇东高原地区已经形成了一个相对统一的文化系统。     

再论石寨山文化

石寨山文化的遗物早在本世纪40年代就已经流传于世,并被欧美博物馆收藏。50～60年代对晋宁石寨山古墓群的发掘,尤其是第二次发掘中出土的一件蟠蛇纽“滇王之印”,和大批具有地方特点、造型独特、风格各异的青铜器,引起国内外学术界的广泛关注和极大兴趣。自50年代以后,云南将考古工作重心集中在滇池周围地区,继石寨山之后,先后发掘了安宁太极山(1965年),江川李家山(1975年、1992年)、团山(1983年),呈贡天子庙(1983年、1993年),石碑村(1980年)、小松山(1984年),昆明大团山(1983年)、上马村五台山(1984年)和曲靖珠街八塔台(1978～1982年)。发掘和清理了大量的青铜时代墓     

THE BEAD MAKER’S MIDDEN: EVIDENCE OF LATE PREHISTORIC SHELL BEAD PRODUCTION ON OSSABAW ISLAND,GEORGIA

Abstract

In 2005, archaeological excavations were undertaken in a single shell midden at a late prehistoric Irene phase (circa A.D. 1380) site on Ossabaw Island, Georgia. The excavations were designed specifically to collect information on the fabrication of shell beads and other shell ornaments. A considerable amount of stone was recovered, almost all of which is petrified wood used specifically in the production of “microdrills” for perforating shell beads. Also recovered were large quantities of fragmented knobbed whelk (Busycon carica), the principal raw material used for shell beads, as well as examples of shell beads in all stages of manufacture. The excavations of this midden, designated the Bead Maker’s Midden, produced abundant information bearing on shellworking technology, including the full range of tools and raw materials used and the sequences involved in the production of shell beads. Replication experiments were conducted to validate the archaeological findings. The collected data provide direct evidence of the process of shell bead production during the Late Mississippi period.     

Experiments with Lithic Tools: Understanding Starch Residues from Crop Harvesting

Stone knives were used widely in Neolithic East Asia, presumably in the harvesting of grain crops, but their function has not been clearly understood due to the lack of study of residues from these tools. To address this issue, starch grain analysis was employed to study the residues on the surface of ancient stone knives and large amounts of starches were recovered. The sources of these starches, however, were not well understood, because harvesting of crops involves the cutting of stems rather than direct contact with starchy seeds. To determine whether harvesting could deposit these types of residues, we designed a simulation experiment using stone flakes to harvest ears of wheat, rice and foxtail millet, then analysed the residues on both the flakes and in the plant tissues. A large number of starch grains were found in the stems, including both typical morphotypes from seeds and newly described types that occur only in stems, which can be used as indicators of harvesting. Our study demonstrates that starch grains from residues on the surfaces of archaeological stone knives can indicate not only that the tools were used to harvest ears, but also the type of crops harvested.     

Influence of grinding on the preservation of starch grains from rice

China is a major centre for rice domestication, where starch grain analysis has been widely applied to archaeological grinding tools to gain information about plant use by ancient Chinese societies. However, few rice starch grains have been identified to date. To understand this apparent scarcity of starch grains from rice, dry- and wet-grinding experiments with stone tools were carried out on four types of cereals: rice (Oryza sativa L.), foxtail millet (Setaria italica), Job's tears (Coix lacryma-jobi L.) and barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). The results reveal that dry-grinding produces significant damage to starches to the point where they may be undetected in archaeological samples, while wet-grinding causes only slight morphological changes to the starch grains. Moreover, rice starch grains have the most substantial alterations from dry-grinding, possibly impeding their identification. These findings provide a possible means to explain the relative scarcity of rice starch grains recovered from archaeological grinding tools, which it is suggested was caused by the use of the dry-grinding technique. Therefore, it is suggested that rice starch grains have been likely underrepresented in the archaeological record, and previous interpretations of starch analyses need to be reconsidered.     

关于中国稻作起源证据的讨论与商榷

本文是对傅稻镰等人最近的文章批评中国栽培水稻起源研究缺乏证据、提出长江下游水稻栽培开始于公元前4000年这一观点一文的回应。我们首先考察中国从野生稻采集到水稻栽培过程研究的相关文献．进而从水稻形态学和考古学的角度对早期水稻遗存加以研究。讨论集中在以下三个方面：长江流域最早水稻栽培的时间：长江下游和淮河流域初期栽培水稻的遗存;考古遗存所见水稻粒形态大小变化的意义。我们也考察了傅文用来区分野生水稻和栽培水稻的几个标准：考古纪录中所见的未成熟稻遗存、水稻粒的增大和水稻粒的形态。根据已经发表的资料和我们对水稻的研究,我们认为到全新世早期（距今9000年前后）,南北中国的新石器时代居民就可能已经收获野生稻并开始水稻栽培了。     

Displayed or Concealed? Cross Cultural Evidence for Symbolic and Ritual Activity Depositing Iron Age Animal Bones

Although Iron Age rituals involving the depositing of animal bones in pits have been discussed intensively in the literature, possible cross-cultural and ethnographic parallels for the symbolism of such activity have been neglected. This paper begins to remedy this deficiency. Archaeological and ethnographic examples occur world-wide, especially relating to the symbolism and treatment of animal heads and crania. They support previous arguments that at least some Iron Age bone deposits involved the renewal and protection of fertility, for example those associated with grain storage pits and other archaeological features, perhaps also foundation deposits, especially at later periods.     

Post-Roman crop production and processing: Archaeological evidence from Goldthorpe,South Yorkshire

The remains of a ditched field system dating from the late Iron Age to the early post-Roman period, and two associated corn drying ovens (dating to the 5th–6th centuries AD) were revealed during archaeological excavations at Goldthorpe, South Yorkshire. The site was excavated during 2012 and 2013, during which bulk environmental samples were taken in order to retrieve any surviving botanical remains from deposits associated with the corn drying ovens, and other features across the excavated area. Early post-Roman occupation is under-represented in the archaeological record, especially in northern England, as such human activity and subsistence during this period are currently not well understood. This paper combines evidence for the field system, the physical remains of the corn drying ovens and their associated botanical remains to further understand early post-Roman change and continuity in landscape use and crop production and processing practices.     

Minimally destructive DNA extraction from archaeological artefacts made from whale baleen

Here we demonstrate the successful extraction and amplification of target species DNA from artefacts made of whale baleen collected from excavations of past palaeo-Eskimo and Inuit cultures in Greenland. DNA was successfully extracted and amplified from a single baleen bristle of 1.5 cm length dated based on archaeological context to the period of the Saqqaq culture, more than 4000 years ago and following decades of storage at room temperature at the National Museum. The results reveal ancient baleen in archaeological material as a potential source of DNA that can be used for population genetic studies. We conclude that genetic investigation of historical baleen collections can contribute to our knowledge of the prehistoric population genetics of baleen whales, for example by quantifying the impact of modern whaling on the genetic diversity of bowhead whales.     

Bread and surpluses: the Anglo-Saxon ‘bread wheat thesis’ reconsidered

This paper presents a fundamental new assessment of crop husbandry in the Mid Saxon period in England (c. AD 650–850), using data from charred plant remains. While recent archaeological studies have begun to emphasise the importance of agricultural development in this period – focusing especially upon field systems and livestock – crops have received comparatively little attention. This study challenges one popular model of Anglo-Saxon arable farming, here dubbed the ‘bread wheat thesis’, which posits a Mid Saxon shift whereby bread wheat supplanted hulled barley as the most important cereal crop in this period. The empirical basis for this model is here re-examined in the light of an updated archaeobotanical dataset from selected regions in southern Britain. No evidence for bread wheat supplanting hulled barley is discovered. It is argued instead that rye and oats became substantially more important in the 7th–9th centuries, regional patterns in cereal cultivation in this period correlate with differences in the natural environment and Anglo-Saxon farmers were able to produce greater arable surpluses from the 7th century onwards.     

Starch grain analysis for groundstone tools from Neolithic Baiyinchanghan site: implications for their function in Northeast China

Large numbers of groundstone tools have been uncovered from archaeological sites in the Early Neolithic period in China. Traditionally they are often regarded as agricultural tools for processing cereals. In this paper we report preliminary starch grain analysis of groundstone tools from Baiyinchanghan site to gain a better understanding of use of these tools in the Northeast China. We found that starch grains on these groundstone tools are most likely from Quercus sp. The result of this study indicates that many groundstone tools for the Early Neolithic period were used to process wild and domesticated plants alike.     

Microblade technology and the rise of serial specialists in north-central China

Though present before the Last Glacial Maximum, microblade technology is uncommon in the lithic assemblages of north-central China until the onset of the Younger Dryas (12,900–11,600 calBP). While it is clear that microblades here and elsewhere were connected with mobile adaptations organized around hunting, the attendant assumption that they served primarily in hunting weaponry is not. The archaeological record of north-central China, including excavations at Pigeon Mountain (QG3) and Shuidonggou Locality 12 (SDG 12) in Ningxia Autonomous Region, and Dadiwan in Gansu Providence, and a handful of bone/antler tools slotted for microblade inserts, indicate a more direct linkage to mobility. These data suggest the rise of microblade technology in Younger Dryas north-central China was mainly the result of microblades used as insets in composite knives needed for production of sophisticated cold weather clothing needed for a winter mobile hunting adaptation akin to the residentially mobile pattern Binford termed “serial specialist.” Limited time and opportunities compressed this production into a very narrow seasonal window, putting a premium on highly streamlined routines to which microblade technology was especially well-suited.